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Am J Perinatol 2024; 41(09): 1195-1202
DOI: 10.1055/a-1798-2003
Original Article

Antiapoptotic Effects of Hydroxychloroquine on Hypoxic–Ischemic Injury in Neonatal Rat Brain: May Hydroxychloroquine Be an Adjuvant Theraphy?

Tugay Tepe 
1   Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Mehmet Satar 
1   Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Hacer Yapicioglu Yildizdas 
1   Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Mustafa Ozdemir 
1   Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Ferda Ozlu 
1   Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Seyda Erdogan
2   Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Tugba Toyran
2   Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
,
Kubra Akillioglu 
3   Faculty of Medicine, Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Cukurova University, Adana, Türkiye
› Author Affiliations Funding This work was supported by Cukurova University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (project no.: TSA-2021-13354).
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Abstract

Objective Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has immunomodulatory, antithrombotic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, and antineoplastic effects. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antiapoptotic and immunomodulator effects of intraperitoneal HCQ on hypoxic–ischemic (HI) injury in newborn rats.

Study Design Wistar albino rats, 7 to 10 days old, were randomly divided into three groups: hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) group, HIE treated with HCQ group, and Sham group. Left common carotid artery ligation and hypoxia model were performed in HIE and HCQ groups. The HCQ group was treated with 80 mg/kg intraperitoneal HCQ every 24 hours for 3 days, while Sham and HIE groups were given physiological saline. After 72 hours, rats were decapitated and brain tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, TUNEL, and IL-1β for histopathological grading and neuronal cell injury.

Results Neuronal apoptosis was statistically lower in all neuroanatomical areas in the HCQ group compared with the HIE group. IL-1β-stained areas were similar in both HCQ and HIE groups but significantly higher compared with the Sham group. Histopathological grading scores were found to be lower in the HCQ group on the left parietal cortex and hippocampus region.

Conclusion In this study, we have shown for the first time that HCQ treatment decreased apoptosis in HI newborn rat model in both hemispheres. HCQ may be a promising adjuvant therapy in neonatal HIE.

Key Points

  • HCQ decreased neuronal apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra of the rat brain.

  • HCQ attenuates hypoxia–ischemia-induced brain injury in neonatal rats.

  • HCQ has no anti-inflammatory effect on HI injury.

Keywords

hydroxychloroquine - hypoxic–ischemic injury - antiapoptotic - immunomodulator - newborn


Publication History

Received: 29 January 2022

Accepted: 10 March 2022

Accepted Manuscript online:
15 March 2022

Article published online:
21 September 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved.

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