Funktionsstörungen und Lebensqualität nach Ösophagusresektion

Multimodale Therapiestrategien konnten in den letzten Jahren das Langzeitüberleben nach Ösophagusresektion erheblich verbessern, sodass postoperative Funktion und Lebensqualität immer wichtiger werden. Die funktionellen postoperativen Syndrome umfassen Schluck- und Refluxbeschwerden, Dumpingsyndrome und Magenentleerungsstörungen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist eine zusammenfassende Beschreibung dieser Funktionsstörungen sowie die Diskussion ihrer Ursachen und Therapien.

Kernaussagen

• Die Ösophagektomie ist der Hauptbestandteil der kurativen onkologischen Therapie des Ösophaguskarzinoms.

• Ausdehnung und Lage des Tumors bestimmen das Resektionsausmaß.

• Die Rekonstruktion nach Ösophagektomie erfolgt in den meisten Zentren mittels Schlauchmagenhochzug.

• Ösophagusresektionen führen bei vielen Patienten zu einer dauerhaften Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität.

• Typische Funktionsstörungen nach Ösophagektomie sind: Schluck- und Refluxbeschwerden, Dumpingsyndrome sowie Magenentleerungsstörungen.

• Das Wissen um die Pathophysiologie der klassischen postoperativen Syndrome ist unerlässlich für eine neben der onkologischen auch funktionelle Nachsorge.

Schlüsselwörter

Ösophagektomie - postoperative Funktionsstörungen - Dumpingsyndrom - Magenentleerungsstörung - Schluck- und Refluxbeschwerden - HRQL

Publication History

Article published online:
11 March 2022

• Literatur

• 1 American Cancer Society. Cancer fact sheets. Im Internet (Stand: 14.01.2021): https://www.cancer.org/cancer/all-cancer-types.html
• 2 International Agency for Research on Cancer. Cancer fact sheets. Im Internet (Stand: 14.01.2021): https://gco.iarc.fr/today/fact-sheets-cancers
• 3 Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Current Cancer Epidemiology. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2019; 9: 217-222 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.191008.001.
• 4 Arnold M, Laversanne M, Brown LM. et al. Predicting the Future Burden of Esophageal Cancer by Histological Subtype: International Trends in Incidence up to 2030. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 1247-1255 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.155.
• 5 Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V. et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet 2018; 391: 1023-1075 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3.
• 6 Holscher AH, Gockel I, Porschen R. [Updated German S3 guidelines on esophageal cancer and supplements from a surgical perspective]. Chirurg 2019; 90: 398-402 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-019-0954-9.
• 7 Langenhoff BS, Krabbe PF, Wobbes T. et al. Quality of life as an outcome measure in surgical oncology. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 643-652 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2001.01755.x.
• 8 Headrick JR, Nichols 3rd FC, Miller DL. et al. High-grade esophageal dysplasia: long-term survival and quality of life after esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2002; 73: 1697-1702 discussion 1702–1693 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)03496-3.
• 9 McLarty AJ, Deschamps C, Trastek VF. et al. Esophageal resection for cancer of the esophagus: long-term function and quality of life. Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 1568-1572 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(97)00125-2.
• 10 Blackmon SH, Correa AM, Wynn B. et al. Propensity-matched analysis of three techniques for intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83: 1805-1813 discussion 1813 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.01.046.
• 11 Rice TW. Anastomotic stricture complicating esophagectomy. Thorac Surg Clin 2006; 16: 63-73 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.02.002.
• 12 DʼJourno XB, Martin J, Rakovich G. et al. Mucosal damage in the esophageal remnant after esophagectomy and gastric transposition. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 262-268 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818eec06.
• 13 van Heijl M, Gooszen JA, Fockens P. et al. Risk factors for development of benign cervical strictures after esophagectomy. Ann Surg 2010; 251: 1064-1069 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181deb4b7.
• 14 van der Schaaf M, Lagergren J, Lagergren P. Persisting symptoms after intrathoracic anastomotic leak following oesophagectomy for cancer. Br J Surg 2012; 99: 95-99 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.7750.
• 15 Deng XF, Liu QX, Zhou D. et al. Hand-sewn vs. linearly stapled esophagogastric anastomosis for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21: 4757-4764 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i15.4757.
• 16 Vetter D, Gutschow CA. Strategies to prevent anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy and gastric conduit reconstruction. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2020; 405: 1069-1077 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-020-01926-8.
• 17 Zhou D, Liu QX, Deng XF. et al. Comparison of two different mechanical esophagogastric anastomosis in esophageal cancer patients: a meta-analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 10: 67 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-015-0271-4.
• 18 Allen W, Wells CI, Greenslade M. et al. Association Between Circular Stapler Diameter and Stricture Rates Following Gastrointestinal Anastomosis: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World J Surg 2018; 42: 3097-3105 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-018-4606-x.
• 19 Koh P, Turnbull G, Attia E. et al. Functional assessment of the cervical esophagus after gastric transposition and cervical esophagogastrostomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 25: 480-485 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2003.12.034.
• 20 Eckardt VF, Aignherr C, Bernhard G. Predictors of outcome in patients with achalasia treated by pneumatic dilation. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1732-1738 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91428-7.
• 21 Huang Q, Zhong J, Yang T. et al. Impacts of anastomotic complications on the health-related quality of life after esophagectomy. J Surg Oncol 2015; 111: 365-370 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23837.
• 22 van Boeckel PG, Siersema PD. Refractory esophageal strictures: what to do when dilation fails. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2015; 13: 47-58 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-014-0043-6.
• 23 Egan JV, Baron TH, Adler DG. et al. Esophageal dilation. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 755-760 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.031.
• 24 van Halsema EE, Noordzij IC, van Berge Henegouwen MI. et al. Endoscopic dilation of benign esophageal anastomotic strictures over 16 mm has a longer lasting effect. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 1871-1881 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-016-5187-0.
• 25 Dasari CS, Jegadeesan R, Patel HK. et al. Intralesional steroids and endoscopic dilation for anastomotic strictures after esophagectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Endoscopy 2020; 52: 721-726 DOI: 10.1055/a-1172-5975.
• 26 Hanaoka N, Ishihara R, Motoori M. et al. Endoscopic Balloon Dilation Followed By Intralesional Steroid Injection for Anastomotic Strictures After Esophagectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113: 1468-1474 DOI: 10.1038/s41395-018-0253-y.
• 27 Aly A, Jamieson GG. Reflux after oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 137-141 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4508.
• 28 Donington JS. Functional conduit disorders after esophagectomy. Thorac Surg Clin 2006; 16: 53-62 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.01.002.
• 29 da Rocha JR, Ribeiro jr. U, Sallum RA. et al. Barrettʼs esophagus (BE) and carcinoma in the esophageal stump (ES) after esophagectomy with gastric pull-up in achalasia patients: a study based on 10 years follow-up. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15: 2903-2909 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0057-1.
• 30 Gutschow C, Collard JM, Romagnoli R. et al. Denervated stomach as an esophageal substitute recovers intraluminal acidity with time. Ann Surg 2001; 233: 509-514 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-200104000-00005.
• 31 Usui H, Fukaya M, Itatsu K. et al. The Impact of the Location of Esophagogastrostomy on Acid and Duodenogastroesophageal Reflux After Transthoracic Esophagectomy with Gastric Tube Reconstruction and Intrathoracic Esophagogastrostomy. World J Surg 2018; 42: 599-605 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-017-4186-1.
• 32 Sakai M, Sohda M, Miyazaki T. et al. Impact of the Level of Anastomosis on Reflux Esophagitis Following Esophagectomy with Gastric Tube Reconstruction. World J Surg 2017; 41: 804-809 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3786-5.
• 33 Dunn LJ, Shenfine J, Griffin SM. Columnar metaplasia in the esophageal remnant after esophagectomy: a systematic review. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28: 32-41 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12129.
• 34 Gutschow CA, Vallbohmer D, Stolte M. et al. Adenocarcinoma developing in de novo Barrettʼs mucosa in the remnant esophagus after esophagectomy: clinical and molecular assessment. Dis Esophagus 2008; 21: E6-E8 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00784.x.
• 35 OʼRiordan JM, Tucker ON, Byrne PJ. et al. Factors influencing the development of Barrettʼs epithelium in the esophageal remnant postesophagectomy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 205-211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04057.x.
• 36 Velanovich V. The development of the GERD-HRQL symptom severity instrument. Dis Esophagus 2007; 20: 130-134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2007.00658.x.
• 37 Fuchs H, Holscher AH, Leers J. et al. Long-term quality of life after surgery for adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: extended gastrectomy or transthoracic esophagectomy?. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 312-317 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-015-0466-3.
• 38 Gutschow CA, Holscher AH, Leers J. et al. Health-related quality of life after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2013; 398: 231-237 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-012-0960-6.
• 39 Anderson MJ, Sippey M, Marks J. Gastric Per Oral Pyloromyotomy for Post-Vagotomy-Induced Gastroparesis Following Esophagectomy. J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 24: 715-719 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04418-3.
• 40 Collard JM, Romagnoli R, Otte JB. et al. The denervated stomach as an esophageal substitute is a contractile organ. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 33-39 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199801000-00005.
• 41 Lee HS, Kim MS, Lee JM. et al. Intrathoracic gastric emptying of solid food after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 443-447 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.02.049.
• 42 Akkerman RD, Haverkamp L, van Hillegersberg R. et al. Surgical techniques to prevent delayed gastric emptying after esophagectomy with gastric interposition: a systematic review. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98: 1512-1519 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.06.057.
• 43 Collard JM, Tinton N, Malaise J. et al. Esophageal replacement: gastric tube or whole stomach?. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 261-266 discussion 267 DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00411-d.
• 44 Vallbohmer D, Holscher AH, Herbold T. et al. Diaphragmatic hernia after conventional or laparoscopic-assisted transthoracic esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 84: 1847-1852 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.07.009.
• 45 Konradsson M, Nilsson M. Delayed emptying of the gastric conduit after esophagectomy. J Thorac Dis 2019; 11: S835-S844 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.11.80.
• 46 Urschel JD, Blewett CJ, Young JE. et al. Pyloric drainage (pyloroplasty) or no drainage in gastric reconstruction after esophagectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Dig Surg 2002; 19: 160-164 DOI: 10.1159/000064206.
• 47 Arya S, Markar SR, Karthikesalingam A. et al. The impact of pyloric drainage on clinical outcome following esophagectomy: a systematic review. Dis Esophagus 2015; 28: 326-335 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12191.
• 48 Martin JT, Federico JA, McKelvey AA. et al. Prevention of delayed gastric emptying after esophagectomy: a single centerʼs experience with botulinum toxin. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 1708-1713 discussion 1713–1704 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.01.075.
• 49 Tham JC, Nixon M, Ariyarathenam AV. et al. Intraoperative pyloric botulinum toxin injection during Ivor-Lewis gastroesophagectomy to prevent delayed gastric emptying. Dis Esophagus 2019; 32: doy112 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doy112.
• 50 Yano M, Sugimura K, Miyata H. et al. Randomized Comparison of Gastric Tube Reconstruction With and Without Duodenal Diversion Plus Roux-en-Y Anastomosis After Esophagectomy. Ann Surg 2020; 272: 48-54 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003557.
• 51 Konradsson M, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Bruns C. et al. Diagnostic criteria and symptom grading for delayed gastric conduit emptying after esophagectomy for cancer: international expert consensus based on a modified Delphi process. Dis Esophagus 2020; 33: doz074 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doz074.
• 52 Shin AS, Camilleri M. Diagnostic assessment of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes 2013; 62: 2667-2673 DOI: 10.2337/db12-1706.
• 53 Desprez C, Melchior C, Wuestenberghs F. et al. Pyloric distensibility measurement after gastric surgery: Which surgeries are associated with pylorospasm?. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32: e13790 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13790.
• 54 Jagtap N, Kalapala R, Reddy DN. Assessment of Pyloric Sphincter Physiology Using Functional Luminal Imaging Probe in Healthy Volunteers. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26: 391-396 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19200.
• 55 Tonini M, Cipollina L, Poluzzi E. et al. Review article: clinical implications of enteric and central D2 receptor blockade by antidopaminergic gastrointestinal prokinetics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 379-390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01867.x.
• 56 Pasricha PJ, Pehlivanov N, Sugumar A. et al. Drug Insight: from disturbed motility to disordered movement-a review of the clinical benefits and medicolegal risks of metoclopramide. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 138-148 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0442.
• 57 Stevens JE, Jones KL, Rayner CK. et al. Pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of gastroparesis: current and future perspectives. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14: 1171-1186 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.795948.
• 58 Collard JM, Romagnoli R, Otte JB. et al. Erythromycin enhances early postoperative contractility of the denervated whole stomach as an esophageal substitute. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 337-343 DOI: 10.1097/00000658-199903000-00006.
• 59 Gutschow CA, Collard JM, Romagnoli R. et al. Bile exposure of the denervated stomach as an esophageal substitute. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71: 1786-1791 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)02535-8.
• 60 Ericson J, Sunde B, Lindblad M. et al. Large-diameter (30–35 mm) pneumatic balloon dilatation of the pylorus in patients with gastric outlet obstruction symptoms after esophagectomy. Scand J Surg 2013; 102: 83-86 DOI: 10.1177/1457496913482254.
• 61 Kim JH, Lee HS, Kim MS. et al. Balloon dilatation of the pylorus for delayed gastric emptying after esophagectomy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 33: 1105-1111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.012.
• 62 Lanuti M, DeDelva P, Morse CR. et al. Management of delayed gastric emptying after esophagectomy with endoscopic balloon dilatation of the pylorus. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91: 1019-1024 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.12.055.
• 63 Maus MK, Leers J, Herbold T. et al. Gastric Outlet Obstruction After Esophagectomy: Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness and Safety of Postoperative Endoscopic Pyloric Dilatation. World J Surg 2016; 40: 2405-2411 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3575-1.
• 64 Su B, Callahan ZM, Kuchta K. et al. Use of Impedance Planimetry (Endoflip) in Foregut Surgery Practice: Experience of More than 400 Cases. J Am Coll Surg 2020; 231: 160-171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.02.017.
• 65 Malik Z, Kataria R, Modayil R. et al. Gastric Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (G-POEM) for the Treatment of Refractory Gastroparesis: Early Experience. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63: 2405-2412 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-4976-9.
• 66 Chung H, Dallemagne B, Perretta S. et al. Endoscopic pyloromyotomy for postesophagectomy gastric outlet obstruction. Endoscopy 2014; 46 (Suppl. 01) E345-E346 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1377599.
• 67 Asti E, Lovece A, Bonavina L. Thoracoscopic Implant of Neurostimulator for Delayed Gastric Conduit Emptying After Esophagectomy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2016; 26: 299-301 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2016.0089.
• 68 Salameh JR, Aru GM, Bolton W. et al. Electrostimulation for intractable delayed emptying of intrathoracic stomach after esophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85: 1417-1419 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.09.044.
• 69 Ukleja A. Dumping syndrome: pathophysiology and treatment. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20: 517-525 DOI: 10.1177/0115426505020005517.
• 70 Nakamura M, Hosoya Y, Yano M. et al. Extent of gastric resection impacts patient quality of life: the Dysfunction After Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery for Cancer (DAUGS32) scoring system. Ann Surg Oncol 2011; 18: 314-320 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-010-1290-y.
• 71 Demos NJ, Kulkarni VA, Port A. et al. Control of postresection gastroesophageal reflux: the intercostal pedicle esophagogastropexy experience of 26 years. Am Surg 1993; 59: 137-148
• 72 Snook JA, Wells AD, Prytherch DR. et al. Studies on the pathogenesis of the early dumping syndrome induced by intraduodenal instillation of hypertonic glucose. Gut 1989; 30: 1716-1720 DOI: 10.1136/gut.30.12.1716.
• 73 Burt M, Scott A, Williard WC. et al. Erythromycin stimulates gastric emptying after esophagectomy with gastric replacement: a randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111: 649-654 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5223(96)70318-5.
• 74 Andreasen JJ, Orskov C, Holst JJ. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and reactive hypoglycemia after partial gastrectomy. Digestion 1994; 55: 221-228 DOI: 10.1159/000201151.
• 75 Holst JJ. Glucagonlike peptide 1: a newly discovered gastrointestinal hormone. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1848-1855 DOI: 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90831-1.
• 76 Miholic J, Orskov C, Holst JJ. et al. Postprandial release of glucagon-like peptide-1, pancreatic glucagon, and insulin after esophageal resection. Digestion 1993; 54: 73-78 DOI: 10.1159/000201016.
• 77 Sigstad H. A clinical diagnostic index in the diagnosis of the dumping syndrome. Changes in plasma volume and blood sugar after a test meal. Acta Med Scand 1970; 188: 479-486
• 78 van der Kleij FG, Vecht J, Lamers CB. et al. Diagnostic value of dumping provocation in patients after gastric surgery. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 1162-1166 DOI: 10.3109/00365529609036905.
• 79 Scarpellini E, Arts J, Karamanolis G. et al. International consensus on the diagnosis and management of dumping syndrome. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16: 448-466 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0357-5.
• 80 Berg P, McCallum R. Dumping Syndrome: A Review of the Current Concepts of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61: 11-18 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3839-x.
• 81 Weimann A, Braga M, Carli F. et al. ESPEN guideline: Clinical nutrition in surgery. Clin Nutr 2017; 36: 623-650 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.02.013.
• 82 Weimann A, Braga M, Harsanyi L. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Surgery including organ transplantation. Clin Nutr 2006; 25: 224-244 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2006.01.015.
• 83 Braga M, Ljungqvist O, Soeters P. et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: surgery. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 378-386 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.002.
• 84 Huddy JR, Macharg FM, Lawn AM. et al. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency following esophagectomy. Dis Esophagus 2013; 26: 594-597 DOI: 10.1111/dote.12004.
• 85 Gutschow CA, Schröder W, Hölscher AH. Funktion des Ersatzorgans nach Ösophagektomie. Chir Gastroenterol 1998; 14: 300-306
• 86 Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B. et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 365-376 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/85.5.365.
• 87 Eypasch E, Williams JI, Wood-Dauphinee S. et al. Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index: development, validation and application of a new instrument. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 216-222 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800820229.
• 88 Zieren HU, Jacobi CA, Zieren J. et al. Quality of life following resection of oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 1772-1775 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800831235.
• 89 Derogar M, Lagergren P. Health-related quality of life among 5-year survivors of esophageal cancer surgery: a prospective population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30: 413-418 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.9791.
• 90 Schandl A, Lagergren J, Johar A. et al. Health-related quality of life 10 years after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur J Cancer 2016; 69: 43-50 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.032.
• 91 Greene CL, DeMeester SR, Augustin F. et al. Long-term quality of life and alimentary satisfaction after esophagectomy with colon interposition. Ann Thorac Surg 2014; 98: 1713-1719 discussion 1719–1720 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.06.088.
• 92 Noordman BJ, Verdam MGE, Lagarde SM. et al. Effect of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy on Health-Related Quality of Life in Esophageal or Junctional Cancer: Results From the Randomized CROSS Trial. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36: 268-275 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.73.7718.
• 93 Hayashi M, Kawakubo H, Shoji Y. et al. Analysis of the Effect of Early Versus Conventional Nasogastric Tube Removal on Postoperative Complications After Transthoracic Esophagectomy: A Single-Center, Randomized Controlled Trial. World J Surg 2019; 43: 580-589 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-018-4825-1.
• 94 De Boer AG, Genovesi PI, Sprangers MA. et al. Quality of life in long-term survivors after curative transhiatal oesophagectomy for oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1716-1721 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01600.x.
• 95 Deschamps C, Nichols FC3rd Cassivi SD. et al. Long-term function and quality of life after esophageal resection for cancer and Barrettʼs. Surg Clin North Am 2005; 85: 649-656 xi DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2005.01.018.
• 96 Mantoan S, Cavallin F, Pinto E. et al. Long-term quality of life after esophagectomy with gastric pull-up. J Surg Oncol 2018; 117: 970-976 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24995.
• 97 Moraca RJ, Low DE. Outcomes and health-related quality of life after esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal cancer. Arch Surg 2006; 141: 545-549 discussion 549–551 DOI: 10.1001/archsurg.141.6.545.
• 98 Djarv T, Lagergren J, Blazeby JM. et al. Long-term health-related quality of life following surgery for oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 1121-1126 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6293.
• 99 Donohoe CL, McGillycuddy E, Reynolds JV. Long-term health-related quality of life for disease-free esophageal cancer patients. World J Surg 2011; 35: 1853-1860 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1123-6.
• 100 Gockel I, Gonner U, Domeyer M. et al. Long-term survivors of esophageal cancer: disease-specific quality of life, general health and complications. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102: 516-522 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21434.
• 101 Jacobs M, Macefield RC, Elbers RG. et al. Meta-analysis shows clinically relevant and long-lasting deterioration in health-related quality of life after esophageal cancer surgery. Qual Life Res 2014; 23: 1155-1176 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-013-0576-5.
• 102 Soriano TT, Eslick GD, Vanniasinkam T. Long-Term Nutritional Outcome and Health Related Quality of Life of Patients Following Esophageal Cancer Surgery: A Meta-Analysis. Nutr Cancer 2018; 70: 192-203 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1412471.
• 103 Zhang Y, Yang X, Geng D. et al. The change of health-related quality of life after minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16: 97 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1330-9.
• 104 Blazeby JM, Sanford E, Falk SJ. et al. Health-related quality of life during neoadjuvant treatment and surgery for localized esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 2005; 103: 1791-1799 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20980.
• 105 Reynolds JV, McLaughlin R, Moore J. et al. Prospective evaluation of quality of life in patients with localized oesophageal cancer treated by multimodality therapy or surgery alone. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 1084-1090 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5373.
• 106 Schmidt HM, Gisbertz SS, Moons J. et al. Defining Benchmarks for Transthoracic Esophagectomy: A Multicenter Analysis of Total Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy in Low Risk Patients. Ann Surg 2017; 266: 814-821 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002445.
• 107 Fransen LFC, Berkelmans GHK, Asti E. et al. The Effect of Postoperative Complications After Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy on Long-term Survival: An International Multicenter Cohort Study. Ann Surg 2020; DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003772.
• 108 Akiyama H, Hiyama M, Hashimoto C. Resection and reconstruction for carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus. Br J Surg 1976; 63: 206-209 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800630310.