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DOI: 10.1055/a-1690-8971
Functional Diversity of Primed Platelets—Powered by Machine Learning
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Effects of Platelet Agonists and Priming on the Formation of Platelet Populations
Heterogeneity of platelet activity is well known when collagen plus thrombin-stimulated platelets form a distinct subpopulation, exposing phosphatidylserine and a “coat” of procoagulant proteins.[1] The sensitivity of the initial platelet response can be decreased and increased by primers, e.g., prostacyclin, nitric oxide (negative priming), and adrenaline (positive priming).[2] In this issue of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Veninga et al provided new insights into how priming affects subpopulations of human platelets with suboptimal activation via glycoprotein VI (GPVI), protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1), and P2Y1/P2Y12 receptors.[3] Multiparameter flow cytometric analysis revealed agonist-specific patterns of platelet αIIbβ3 integrin activation (PAC-1), α-granule (P-selectin, TLT-1), dense granule, and lysosome (CD63) secretion. Sophisticated unsupervised clustering tools sensitized the discrimination of three platelet populations with distinct intermediate activation profiles (solely activated αIIbβ3 [PAC-1+]; solely degranulated [CD62P+, TLT-1+, and CD63+]; activated αIIbβ3 plus α-granule secreting [PAC-1+, CD62P+, and TLT-1+]) in addition to resting and fully activated platelets. Adenosine and succinate, elevated in ischemic heart disease, have been implicated to suppress and enhance platelet activation by raising and reducing intracellular cAMP levels, respectively. Adenosine mediated a dose-dependent decrease of fully activated platelets in response to CRP-XL, TRAP-6, and ADP, while positive priming with succinate enlarged this population. Notably, priming did not significantly affect populations with intermediate platelet activation patterns. PAR-1-mediated platelet activation was most sensitive to adenosine, whereas platelet activation via GPVI showed the highest sensitivity to succinate. This interesting study identified receptor-specific signatures of subpopulations related to platelet activity, which are differentially modulated by priming. It remains exciting to elucidate the complexity of platelet functional subpopulations in the presence of a primer “cocktail.” Driving progress in machine-learning-based analysis of multiple platelet function markers, covering also coagulation, chaperon, scavenger, and death functions, is promising to precisely identify the definition of pathological platelet reactivity in immuno-thrombotic diseases with potential diagnostic purpose.
Publication History
Received: 03 November 2021
Accepted: 03 November 2021
Accepted Manuscript online:
09 November 2021
Article published online:
29 December 2021
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References
- 1 Dale GL, Friese P, Batar P. et al. Stimulated platelets use serotonin to enhance their retention of procoagulant proteins on the cell surface. Nature 2002; 415 (6868): 175-179
- 2 van der Meijden PEJ, Heemskerk JWM. Platelet biology and functions: new concepts and clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16 (03) 166-179
- 3 Veninga A, Baaten CCFMJ, De Simone I. et al. Effects of platelet agonists and priming on the formation of platelet populations. Thromb Haemost 2022; 122 (05) 726-738