Berührungsmedizin – ein komplementärer therapeutischer Ansatz unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Depressionsbehandlung

Zusammenfassung

Haut-zu-Haut-Berührung stellt die ursprünglichste Sinneserfahrung von Mensch und Tier dar. Ein Mangel an Berührung in der Kindheit ist mit negativen Folgen für die psychosoziale und körperliche Gesundheit verbunden. Für die Entdeckung von Rezeptoren für Temperatur und Berührung im Körper wurde 2021 der Medizin-Nobelpreis verliehen. Klinische Studien belegen den Nutzen von professionellen Berührungstechniken zur Prävention und Therapie verschiedener Erkrankungen. Der breiten Anwendung einer professionellen Berührungstherapie gilt jedoch bis heute nur ein geringes klinisches Interesse. Wir schlagen eine neue Fachdisziplin der „Berührungsmedizin“ vor und spannen nachstehend einen Bogen zwischen den Erkenntnissen moderner Berührungsforschung und der klinischen Medizin. Exemplarisch steht dabei die Behandlung der primär als Leibkrankheit konzipierten Depression im Vordergrund. Kontrollierte Studien und systematische Übersichten belegen die antidepressive, anxiolytische sowie analgetische Wirksamkeit spezieller Massagetechniken in dieser Indikation. Auch für die Neonatologie, Pädiatrie, Schmerzmedizin, Onkologie und Geriatrie konnte die Wirksamkeit heilsamer Berührung gezeigt werden. Die jeweiligen Wirkmechanismen werden auf verschiedenen Konstrukt-Ebenen diskutiert. Im Vordergrund des internationalen Forschungsinteresses stehen derzeit das Interozeptionskonzept, zum anderen endokrinologische, z. B. oxytocinerge Effekte und die Aktivierung sog. CT-Afferenzen.

Abstract

Skin-to-skin-contact presents the earliest sensory experience of men and animals. Deprivation of age-relevant touch experiences during infancy results in compromised psychosocial and biological development. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded for the discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. Clinical studies have demonstrated the benefit of professional salutary touch for prevention and treatment of various illnesses. However, in the present practice of medicine the application of salutary touch does not meet adequate interest. Proposing a new medical discipline “Touch Medicine” we link the findings of modern touch research to clinical medicine. The treatment of depression which we conceive primarily as a disease afflicting the body will serve as an example to demonstrate the usefulness of touch therapy. Controlled studies and systematic reviews have convincingly shown antidepressive, anxiolytic and analgesic effects of salutary touch. The effectiveness and efficacy of touch therapy has also been demonstrated in many areas such as neonatology, pediatrics, oncology, and geriatrics. We discuss the underlying mechanisms on various explanatory levels including interoceptive and oxytocinergic mechanisms as well as the role of C tactile afferent nerve fibers.

Schlüsselwörter

Berührungsmedizin - Heilsame Berührung - Depression - Frühgeborene - Interozeption - Oxytocin - CT-Afferenzen - Psychoaktive Massage

Key words

touch medicine - salutary touch - depression - pre-term infants - interoception - oxytocin - CT afferents - psychoactive massage therapy

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
17. Dezember 2021

• Literatur

• 1 Thayer S. History and strategies of research on social touch. J Nonverbal Behav 1986; 10: 12-28 DOI: 10.1007/BF00987202.
• 2 Montagu A. Körperkontakt. Die Bedeutung der Haut für die Entwicklung des Menschen. 13. Aufl.. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 2015
• 3 Wilkens L. „Deine Treue hat dich geheilt“. Studien über die Heilungsmacht Jesu und die apokalyptische Erwartung im Markusevangelium. Frankfurt am Main: Lang; 2011
• 4 Cochrane N. Physical contact experience and depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1990; 357: 1-91
• 5 Takeuchi MS, Miyaoka H, Tomoda A. et al. The Effect of Interpersonal Touch During Childhood on Adult Attachment and Depression: A Neglected Area of Family and Developmental Psychology?. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2010; 19: 109-117 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-009-9290-x.
• 6 Storch M, Cantieni B, Hüther G. et al. Embodiment. Die Wechselwirkung von Körper und Psyche verstehen und nutzen. 3. Aufl.. Bern: Hogrefe; 2017
• 7 Fuchs T. Leib, Raum, Person. Entwurf einer phänomenologischen Anthropologie. 2. Aufl.. Stuttgart: 2018
• 8 Fuchs T. Randzonen der Erfahrung. Beiträge zur phänomenologischen Psychopathologie. Schriftenreihe der Gesellschaft für phänomenologische Anthropologie, Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie (DGAP). Freiburg, München: Verlag Karl Alber; 2020
• 9 McGlone F, Wessberg J, Olausson H. Discriminative and affective touch: sensing and feeling. Neuron 2014; 82: 737-755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.001.
• 10 Seligman F, Nemeroff CB. The interface of depression and cardiovascular disease: therapeutic implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1345: 25-35 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12738.
• 11 Kiebgis GM, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Ich fühle, also bin ich. Deutsche Hebammen Zeitschrift 2017; 2: 18-21
• 12 Norholt H. Revisiting the roots of attachment: A review of the biological and psychological effects of maternal skin-to-skin contact and carrying of full-term infants. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 60: 101441 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101441.
• 13 Changaris M. Touch. The neurobiology of health, healing, and human connection. Mendocino, CA: LifeRhythm; 2015
• 14 Field T. Touch therapy. Edinburgh, New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000
• 15 Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Kiebgis GM. Berührung – Warum wir sie brauchen und wie sie uns heilt. Berlin: Ullstein; 2018
• 16 Khalsa SS, Adolphs R, Cameron OG. et al. Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2018; 3: 501-513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004.
• 17 Grunwald M. Homo hapticus. Warum wir ohne Tastsinn nicht leben können. München: Droemer; 2017
• 18 Olausson H, Wessberg J, Morrison I, McGlone F, Hrsg. Affective touch and the neurophysiology of CT afferents. New York: Springer; 2016. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6418-5
• 19 Spitz R. Hospitalism: an inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanal Study Child 1945; 1: 53-74
• 20 Murgatroyd C, Quinn JP, Sharp HM. et al. Effects of prenatal and postnatal depression, and maternal stroking, at the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5: e560 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.140.
• 21 Sharp H, Pickles A, Meaney M. et al. Frequency of infant stroking reported by mothers moderates the effect of prenatal depression on infant behavioural and physiological outcomes. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e45446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045446.
• 22 Walker SC, Cavieres A, Peñaloza-Sancho V. et al. C-low threshold mechanoafferent targeted dynamic touch modulates stress resilience in rats exposed to chronic mild stress. Eur J Neurosci 2020; DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14951.
• 23 Liu D, Diorio J, Day JC. et al. Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats. Nat Neurosci 2000; 3: 799-806 DOI: 10.1038/77702.
• 24 Meaney MJ. Maternal care, gene expression, and the transmission of individual differences in stress reactivity across generations. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001; 24: 1161-1192 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.1161.
• 25 Liu D, Diorio J, Tannenbaum B. et al. Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science 1997; 277: 1659-1662 DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5332.1659.
• 26 Weaver ICG, Cervoni N, Champagne FA. et al. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 847-854 DOI: 10.1038/nn1276.
• 27 Champagne F, Meaney MJ. Like mother, like daughter: evidence for non-genomic transmission of parental behavior and stress responsivity. Prog Brain Res 2001; 133: 287-302 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)33022-4.
• 28 Francis D, Diorio J, Liu D. et al. Nongenomic transmission across generations of maternal behavior and stress responses in the rat. Science 1999; 286: 1155-1158 DOI: 10.1126/science.286.5442.1155.
• 29 Bergman NJ, Linley LL, Fawcus SR. Randomized controlled trial of skin-to-skin contact from birth versus conventional incubator for physiological stabilization in 1200- to 2199-gram newborns. Acta Paediatr 2004; 93: 779-785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb03018.x.
• 30 Chi Luong K, Long Nguyen T, Huynh Thi DH. et al. Newly born low birthweight infants stabilise better in skin-to-skin contact than when separated from their mothers: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105: 381-390 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13164.
• 31 Marvin MM, Gardner FC, Sarsfield KM. et al. Increased Frequency of Skin-to-Skin Contact Is Associated with Enhanced Vagal Tone and Improved Health Outcomes in Preterm Neonates. Am J Perinatol 2019; 36: 505-510 DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1669946.
• 32 Isler JR, Stark RI, Grieve PG. et al. Integrated information in the EEG of preterm infants increases with family nurture intervention, age, and conscious state. PLoS ONE 2018; 13: e0206237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206237.
• 33 Welch MG, Myers MM, Grieve PG. et al. Electroencephalographic activity of preterm infants is increased by Family Nurture Intervention: a randomized controlled trial in the NICU. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 125: 675-684 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.08.021.
• 34 Welch MG, Barone JL, Porges SW. et al. Family nurture intervention in the NICU increases autonomic regulation in mothers and children at 4–5 years of age: Follow-up results from a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE 2020; 15: e0236930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236930.
• 35 Feldman R, Rosenthal Z, Eidelman AI. Maternal-preterm skin-to-skin contact enhances child physiologic organization and cognitive control across the first 10 years of life. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 75: 56-64 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.012.
• 36 Ulmer Yaniv A, Salomon R, Waidergoren S. et al. Synchronous caregiving from birth to adulthood tunes humans' social brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012900118.
• 37 Ainsworth MDS, Blehar MC, Waters E. et al. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1978
• 38 Main M. Parental aversion to infant-initiated contact is correlated with the parent's own rejection during childhood: The effects of experience on signals of security with respect to attachment. In: Barnard KE, Brazelton T. Hrsg. Touch: The foundation of experience: Full revised and expanded proceedings of Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Round Table X. International Universities Press, Inc; 1990: 461-495
• 39 Main M, Stadtman J. Infant response to rejection of physical contact by the mother: aggression, avoidance, and conflict. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1981; 20: 292-307 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60990-0.
• 40 Anisfeld E, Casper V, Nozyce M. et al. Does infant carrying promote attachment? An experimental study of the effects of increased physical contact on the development of attachment. Child Dev 1990; 61: 1617-1627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1990.tb02888.x.
• 41 Balikci A, Ilbay G, Ates N. Neonatal Tactile Stimulations Affect Genetic Generalized Epilepsy and Comorbid Depression-Like Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14: 132 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00132.
• 42 Cortés-García L, Takkouche B, Rodriguez-Cano R. et al. Mediational mechanisms involved in the relation between attachment insecurity and depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2020; 277: 706-726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.082.
• 43 Macdonald JA, Greenwood CJ, Letcher P. et al. Parent and Peer Attachments in Adolescence and Paternal Postpartum Mental Health: Findings From the ATP Generation 3 Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12: 672174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672174.
• 44 Verhees, Martine W F T, Finet C, Vandesande S, et al. Attachment and the Development of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: The Role of Regulating Positive and Negative Affect. J Youth Adolesc 2021; DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01426-y.
• 45 Williams LR, Turner PR. Infant carrying as a tool to promote secure attachments in young mothers: Comparing intervention and control infants during the still-face paradigm. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 58: 101413 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2019.101413.
• 46 Norholt H. Delivering Clinically on Our Knowledge of Oxytocin and Sensory Stimulation: The Potenzial of Infant Carrying in Primary Prevention. Front Psychol 2021; 11: 590051 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590051.
• 47 Varlamov AA, Portnova GV, McGlone F. The C-Tactile System and the Neurobiological Mechanisms of “Affective” Tactile Perception: The History of Discoveries and the Current State of Research. Neurosci Behav Physi 2020; 50: 418-427 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-020-00916-z.
• 48 Björnsdotter M, Morrison I, Olausson H. Feeling good: on the role of C fiber mediated touch in interoception. Exp Brain Res 2010; 207: 149-155 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2408-y.
• 49 Gordon I, Voos AC, Bennett RH. et al. Brain mechanisms for processing affective touch. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34: 914-922 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21480.
• 50 Cascio CJ, Moore D, McGlone F. Social touch and human development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 35: 5-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.04.009.
• 51 Cuijpers P, van Straten A, Bohlmeijer E. et al. The effects of psychotherapy for adult depression are overestimated: a meta-analysis of study quality and effect size. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 211-223 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291709006114.
• 52 Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB. et al. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med 2008; 5: e45 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045.
• 53 Hengartner MP, Angst J, Rössler W. Antidepressant Use Prospectively Relates to a Poorer Long-Term Outcome of Depression: Results from a Prospective Community Cohort Study over 30 Years. Psychother Psychosom 2018; 87: 181-183 DOI: 10.1159/000488802.
• 54 Weinmann S. Die Vermessung der Psychiatrie. Täuschung und Selbsttäuschung eines Fachgebiets. Köln: Psychiatrie Verlag; 2019
• 55 van Dam NT, van Vugt MK, Vago DR. et al. Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation. Perspect Psychol Sci 2018; 13: 36-61 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617709589.
• 56 Paykel ES, Ramana R, Cooper Z. et al. Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychol Med 1995; 25: 1171-1180 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291700033146.
• 57 Lyons N, Strasser A, Beitz B. et al Bodily Maps of Emotion in Major Depressive Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2020; ; Online ahead of print. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10195-0.
• 58 Simmons AN, Arce E, Lovero KL. et al. Subchronic SSRI administration reduces insula response during affective anticipation in healthy volunteers. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12: 1009-1020 DOI: 10.1017/S1461145709990149.
• 59 Schmitz H. Phänomenologie der Leiblichkeit. In: Petzold H. Hrsg. Leiblichkeit. Philosophische, gesellschaftliche und therapeutische Perspektiven. Bd. 25. Paderborn: Junfermann; 1985: 71-106
• 60 Fuchs T. Depression und Manie als Zeitkrankheiten. In: Fuchs T, Berger M. Hrsg. Affektive Störungen. Klinik – Therapie – Perspektiven. Klett-Cotta: Stuttgart; 2013: 171-186
• 61 Rosa H. Beschleunigung und Entfremdung. Entwurf einer kritischen Theorie spätmoderner Zeitlichkeit. 6. Aufl.. Berlin: Suhrkamp; 2018
• 62 Cornaglia C. Körperliche Symptome bei affektiven Störungen. In: Fuchs T, Berger M. Hrsg. Affektive Störungen. Klinik – Therapie – Perspektiven. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta; 2013: 85-94
• 63 Pohl H. Unerklärliche Beschwerden? Chronische Schmerzen und andere Leiden körpertherapeutisch verstehen und behandeln. München: Knaur; 2010
• 64 Sloterdijk P. Sphären. Eine Trilogie. Band 1.. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp; 1998
• 65 Röhricht F, Beyer W, Priebe S. Disturbances of Body-Experience in Acute Anxiety and Depressive Disorders – Neuroticism or Somatization?. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2002; 52: 205-213 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-28524.
• 66 Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berg C, Droll W. Die Slow Stroke®Massage – ein körpertherapeutischer Ansatz bei Depression und anderen psychiatrischen Störungen. In: Wollschläger M. Hrsg. Hirn, Herz, Seele, Schmerz. Psychotherapie zwischen Neurowissenschaften und Geisteswissenschaften. Tübingen: Dgvt-Verl; 2008: 231-246
• 67 Lyons N, Michaelsen MM, Graser J. et al. Bodily Experience in Depression: Using Focusing as a New Interview Technique. Psychopathology 2021; 54: 150-158 DOI: 10.1159/000514128.
• 68 Berg C, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Slow Stroke Massage. In: Reichert B. Hrsg. Massage-Therapie. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2015: 328-337
• 69 Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Psychische Effekte und ihre klinische Wirksamkeit. In: Reichert B. Hrsg. Massage-Therapie. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2015: 41-46
• 70 Arnold MM, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Hemrich N. et al. Effects of Psychoactive Massage in Outpatients with Depressive Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Mixed-Methods Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10: 676 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100676.
• 71 Kiebgis GM, Eggart M, Thormählen C. et al. Psychophysische Kurzzeit- und Langzeiteffekte einer einmaligen Massageanwendung – Ergebnisse einer naturalistischen Studie. Phys Med Rehab Kuror 2018; 28: 120-128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-124471.
• 72 Emrich HM. Depression und Berührung. Vortrag auf dem Symposion „Optimierung der antidepressiven Therapie“. Berlin: 2001
• 73 Maurer-Groeli YA. Die Haut als Medium in der Therapie depressiv und schizophren Kranker. Psychosomatische Medizin 1975; 6: 67-78
• 74 Moyer CA, Rounds J, Hannum JW. A meta-analysis of massage therapy research. Psychol Bull 2004; 130: 3-18 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.3.
• 75 Baumgart S, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Schendera CF. Wirksamkeit der Massagetherapie bei Depression und Angsterkrankungen sowie bei Depressivität und Angst als Komorbidität – Eine systematische Übersicht kontrollierter Studien. Phys Med Rehab Kuror 2011; 21: 167-182 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1279760.
• 76 Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berg C, Scherer P. et al. Effects of slow-stroke massage as complementary treatment of depressed hospitalized patients. Results of a controlled study (SeSeTra). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2004; 129: 1363-1368 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-826874.
• 77 Baumgart SB-E, Baumbach-Kraft A, Lorenz J. Effect of Psycho-Regulatory Massage Therapy on Pain and Depression in Women with Chronic and/or Somatoform Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci 2020; 10: 721 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100721.
• 78 Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Eggart M. Touch Research-Quo Vadis? A Plea for High-Quality Clinical Trials. Brain Sci 2021; 11: 25 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11010025.
• 79 Möller JU. Psychologische Aspekte der Massage. Lymphologie 1994; 18: 16-19
• 80 Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Massage therapy for symptom control: outcome study at a major cancer center. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004; 28: 244-249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2003.12.016.
• 81 Listing M, Reisshauer A, Krohn M. et al. Massage therapy reduces physical discomfort and improves mood disturbances in women with breast cancer. Psychooncology 2009; 18: 1290-1299 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1508.
• 82 Uvnäs Moberg K. Oxytocin may mediate the benefits of positive social interaction and emotions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 819-835 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00056-0.
• 83 Uvnäs Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Self-soothing behaviors with particular reference to oxytocin release induced by non-noxious sensory stimulation. Front Psychol 2015; 5: 1529 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01529.
• 84 Ludwig M, Leng G. Dendritic peptide release and peptide-dependent behaviours. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7: 126-136 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1845.
• 85 Sofroniew MV. Vasopressin and oxytocin in the mammalian brain and spinal cord. Trends Neurosci 1983; 6: 467-472 DOI: 10.1016/0166-2236(83)90221-7.
• 86 Knobloch HS, Charlet A, Hoffmann LC. et al. Evoked axonal oxytocin release in the central amygdala attenuates fear response. Neuron 2012; 73: 553-566 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.030.
• 87 Stoop R, Hegoburu C, van den Burg E. New opportunities in vasopressin and oxytocin research: a perspective from the amygdala. Annu Rev Neurosci 2015; 38: 369-388 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-033904.
• 88 Uvnäs Moberg K, Petersson M. Oxytocin, ein Vermittler von Antistress, Wohlbefinden, sozialer Interaktion, Wachstum und Heilung. Z Psychosom Med Psychother 2005; 51: 57-80 DOI: 10.13109/zptm.2005.51.1.57.
• 89 Uvnäs Moberg K, Ekström-Bergström A, Berg M. et al. Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during physiological childbirth – a systematic review with implications for uterine contractions and central actions of oxytocin. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19: 285 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2365-9.
• 90 Uvnäs Moberg K, Ekström-Bergström A, Buckley S. et al. Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin during breastfeeding-A systematic review. PLoS ONE 2020; 15: e0235806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235806.
• 91 Stock S, Uvnäs Moberg K. Increased plasma levels of oxytocin in response to afferent electrical stimulation of the sciatic and vagal nerves and in response to touch and pinch in anaesthetized rats. Acta Physiol Scand 1988; 132: 29-34 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1988.tb08294.x.
• 92 Uvnäs Moberg K, Handlin L, Petersson M. Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in the physiological effects caused by skin-to-skin contact – With a particular focus on the oxytocinergic system. Infant Behav Dev 2020; 61: 101482 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2020.101482.
• 93 Sofroniew MV. Projections from vasopressin, oxytocin, and neurophysin neurons to neural targets in the rat and human. J Histochem Cytochem 1980; 28: 475-478 DOI: 10.1177/28.5.7381192.
• 94 Buis RM. Vasopressin and oxytocin – their role in neurotransmission. Pharmacol Ther 1983; 22: 127-141
• 95 Takahashi T. Sensory Stimulation of Oxytocin Release Is Associated With Stress Management and Maternal Care. Front Psychol 2020; 11: 588068 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.588068.
• 96 Field T. Massage therapy research review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016; 24: 19-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.04.005.
• 97 Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3: 655-666 DOI: 10.1038/nrn894.
• 98 Craig AD. How do you feel – now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10: 59-70 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2555.
• 99 James W. What is an emotion?. Mind 1884; 9: 188-205
• 100 Eggart M, Lange A, Binser MJ. et al. Major depressive disorder is associated with impaired interoceptive accuracy: a systematic review. Brain Sci 2019; 9: 131 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9060131.
• 101 Eggart M, Valdés-Stauber J. Can changes in multidimensional self-reported interoception be considered as outcome predictors in severely depressed patients? A moderation and mediation analysis. Advance online publication. J Psychosom Res 2021; 141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110331.
• 102 Eggart M, Todd J, Valdés-Stauber J. Validation of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2) questionnaire in hospitalized patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS ONE 2021; 16: e0253913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253913.
• 103 Eggart M, Queri S, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Are the antidepressive effects of massage therapy mediated by restoration of impaired interoceptive functioning? A novel hypothetical mechanism. Med Hypotheses 2019; 128: 28-32 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.05.004.
• 104 Cerritelli F, Chiacchiaretta P, Gambi F. et al. Effect of manual approaches with osteopathic modality on brain correlates of interoception: an fMRI study. Sci Rep 2020; 10: 3214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60253-6.
• 105 Edwards DJ, Young H, Cutis A. et al. The Immediate Effect of Therapeutic Touch and Deep Touch Pressure on Range of Motion, Interoceptive Accuracy and Heart Rate Variability: A Randomized Controlled Trial With Moderation Analysis. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12: 41 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00041.
• 106 Koch C, Wilhelm M, Salzmann S. et al. A meta-analysis of heart rate variability in major depression. Psychol Med 2019; 49: 1948-1957 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291719001351.
• 107 Margenfeld F, Klocke C, Joos S. Manual massage for persons living with dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud 2019; 96: 132-142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.12.012.