Download PDF
Int J Sports Med 2022; 43(05): 401-410
DOI: 10.1055/a-1686-6632
Review

The Relationship Between Cricket Participation, Health, and Wellbeing: A Systematic Scoping Review

Garrett Scott Bullock
1   Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
2   Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
Nirmala Perera
3   Sport Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Belconnen, Australia
,
Andrew Murray
4   Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh Institute for Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
John Orchard
5   Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
,
Nigel A. Arden
2   Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
6   Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
,
Stephanie R. Filbay
7   Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne Department of Physiotherapy, Melbourne, Australia
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
Also available at
    Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Summarising and synthesising the evidence on cricket health and wellbeing can help inform cricket stakeholders and navigate future research directions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cricket participation, health and wellbeing at all ages and playing standards, and identify research gaps in the existing literature. A scoping review was performed from inception to March, 2020. Studies were included if they assessed a construct related to health and/or wellbeing in cricketers, available in English. 219 articles were eligible. Injury incidence per 1,000 player exposures ranged from 1.8–5.7 injuries. 48% of former cricketers experienced persistent joint pain. However, former cricketers reported greater physical activity levels and mental-components of quality of life compared to the general population. Heat injury/illness and skin cancer are concerns and require further research. Cricket participation is associated with an inherent injury risk, which may have negative implications for musculoskeletal health in later life. However, cricket participation is associated with high quality of life which can persist after retirement. Gaps in the literature include prospective studies on health and wellbeing of cricketers, female cricketers, injury prevention strategies, and the impact of cricket participation on metabolic health and lifetime physical activity.

Key Words

injury - workload - osteoarthritis - physical activity - sun exposure - mental health - quality of life

Supplementary Material



Publication History

Received: 04 December 2020

Accepted: 02 November 2021

Accepted Manuscript online:
03 November 2021

Article published online:
20 December 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ 2006; 174: 801-809 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.051351.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Pedersen MT, Vorup J, Nistrup A. et al. Effect of team sports and resistance training on physical function, quality of life, and motivation in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27: 852-864 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12823.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 McPhee JS, French DP, Jackson D. et al. Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty. Biogerontology 2016; 17: 567-580 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Eime RM, Young JA, Harvey JT. et al. A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10: 98 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-98.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Marlier M, Van Dyck D, Cardon G. et al. Interrelation of Sport Participation, Physical Activity, Social Capital and Mental Health in Disadvantaged Communities: A SEM-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0140196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140196.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC. et al. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012; 380: 247-257
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Organization WH. Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030: More Active People for a Healthier World. World Health Organization; 2019
    PubMed
  • 8 Griffin SA, Perera NKP, Murray A. et al. The relationships between rugby union, and health and well-being: a scoping review. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55: 319-326
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Bullock GS, Uhan J, Harriss EK. et al. The relationship between baseball participation and health: A systematic scoping review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020; 50: 55-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Murray AD, Daines L, Archibald D. et al. The relationships between golf and health: a scoping review. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 12-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Breslow L. A quantitative approach to the World Health Organization definition of health: physical, mental and social well-being. Int J Epidemiol 1972; 1: 347-355
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 International Cricket Council. ICC Members. In: 2019 https://www.icc-cricket.com/Stand:10.12.2021
    PubMed
  • 13 Lees MJ, Bansil K, Hind K. Total, regional and unilateral body composition of professional English first-class cricket fast bowlers. J Sports Sci 2016; 34: 252-258 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1048274.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Micklesfield LK, Gray J, Taliep MS. Bone mineral density and body composition of South African cricketers. J Bone Miner Metab 2012; 30: 232-237
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Brunet J, Sabiston CM, Chaiton M. et al. The association between past and current physical activity and depressive symptoms in young adults: a 10-year prospective study. Ann Epidemiol 2013; 23: 25-30
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Reverdito RS, Carvalho HM, Galatti LR. et al. Effects of youth participation in extra-curricular sport programs on perceived self-efficacy: a multilevel analysis. Percept Motor Skills 2017; 124: 569-583 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517697069.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Liu M, Wu L, Ming Q. How does physical activity intervention improve self-esteem and self-concept in children and adolescents? evidence from a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0134804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134804.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Jewett R, Sabiston CM, Brunet J. et al. School sport participation during adolescence and mental health in early adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2014; 55: 640-644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.04.018.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Hall LH, Johnson J, Watt I. et al. Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: A systematic review. PLoS One 2016; 11: e0159015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159015.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Reinboth M, Duda JL. The motivational climate, perceived ability, and athletes' psychological and physical well-being. Sport Psych 2004; 18: 237-251 DOI: 10.1123/tsp.18.3.237.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Filbay SR, Bishop F, Peirce N. et al. Common attributes in retired professional cricketers that may enhance or hinder quality of life after retirement: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e016541 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016541.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Dennis R, Farhart P, Goumas C. et al. Bowling workload and the risk of injury in elite cricket fast bowlers. J Sci Med Sport 2003; 6: 359-367
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Hulin BT, Gabbett TJ, Blanch P. et al. Spikes in acute workload are associated with increased injury risk in elite cricket fast bowlers. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 708-712 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092524.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Senington B, Lee RY, Williams JM. Ground reaction force, spinal kinematics and their relationship to lower back pain and injury in cricket fast bowling: A review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2018; 31: 671-683 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-170851.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Portus M, Mason BR, Elliott BC. et al. Technique factors related to ball release speed and trunk injuries in high performance cricket fast bowlers. Sports Biomech 2004; 3: 263-284 DOI: 10.1080/14763140408522845.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Leary T, White JA. Acute injury incidence in professional county club cricket players (1985–1995). Br J Sports Med 2000; 34: 145-147
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Finch CF, White P, Dennis R. et al. Fielders and batters are injured too: a prospective cohort study of injuries in junior club cricket. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13: 489-495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.10.489.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Soomro N, Strasiotto L, Sawdagar T. et al. Cricket injury epidemiology in the twenty-first century: what is the burden?. Sports Med 2018; 48: 2301-2316 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0960-y.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Walker HL, Carr DJ, Chalmers DJ. et al. Injury to recreational and professional cricket players: circumstances, type and potential for intervention. Accid Anal Prev 2010; 42: 2094-2098 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.022.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Jones ME, Davies MAM, Leyland KM. et al. Osteoarthritis and other long-term health conditions in former elite cricketers. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21: 558-563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.10.013.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Neil R, Bowles HCR, Fleming S. et al. The experience of competition stress and emotions in cricket. Sport Psych 2016; 30: 76-88 DOI: 10.1123/tsp.2014-0077.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Hundertmark J. Cricketers and mental health concerns. Australas Psychiatry 2007; 15: 509-512 DOI: 10.1080/10398560701458210.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Sahni M, Bhogal G. Anxiety, depression and perceived sporting performance among professional cricket players. Br J Sports Med 2017; DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097827.5.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Sunaina M, Anand KV, Suresh C. et al. Physiological, psychological and subjective evaluation of stress and anxiety among pre-competitive cricketers. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2006; 4: 3-20
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Devaney DJ, Nesti MS, Ronkainen NJ. et al. Athlete lifestyle support of elite youth cricketers: an ethnography of player concerns within a national talent development program. J Appl Sport Psych 2018; 30: 300-320 DOI: 10.1080/10413200.2017.1386247.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Miles AJ, Neil R, Barker J. Preparing to Take the Field: A Temporal Exploration of Stress, Emotion, and Coping in Elite Cricket. Sport Psych 2016; 30: 101-112 DOI: 10.1123/tsp.2014-0142.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Schuring N, Kerkhoffs G, Gray J. et al. The mental wellbeing of current and retired professional cricketers: an observational prospective cohort study. Phys Sportsmed 2017; 45: 463-469 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2017.1386069.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Bullock GS, Panagodage-Perera NK, Murray A. et al. Relationship between cricket participation, health and well-being: scoping review protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9: e032070 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032070.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Arksey H, O'Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Method 2005; 8: 19-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Levac D, Colquhoun H, O'Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 2010; 5: 69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Peters MD, Godfrey CM, Khalil H. et al. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews. Int J Evid Based Healthc 2015; 13: 141-146
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 de Oliveira BGRB. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) Checklist. 2018; http://www.prisma-statement.org/documents/ PRISMA-ScR-Fillable-Checklist_11Sept2019.pdf
    PubMed
  • 43 Murray AD, Daines L, Archibald D. et al. The relationships between golf and health: a scoping review. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 12-19 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096625.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Aromataris E. JBI's systematic reviews: data extraction and synthesis. Am J Nurs 2014; 114: 49-54
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Conaghan PG, Dickson J, Grant RL. Care and management of osteoarthritis in adults: summary of NICE guidance. Bmj 2008; 336: 502-503
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Frost WL, Chalmers DJ. Injury in elite New Zealand cricketers 2002-2008: descriptive epidemiology. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 1002-1007 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091337.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Mansingh A, Harper L, Headley S. et al. Injuries in West Indies cricket 2003-2004. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40: 119-123 discussion DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.019414.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Orchard J, James T. Cricket Australia 2003 injury report. J Sci Med Sport 2003; 6: 520-521
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Orchard J, James T, Alcott E. et al. Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001. Br J Sports Med 2002; 36: 270-274 discussion 275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Das NS, Usman J, Choudhury D. et al. Nature and pattern of cricket injuries: the Asian Cricket Council Under-19, Elite Cup, 2013. PLoS One 2014; 9: e100028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100028.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Gamage PJ, Fortington LV, Kountouris A. et al. Match injuries in Sri Lankan junior cricket: A prospective, longitudinal study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.11.025.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Soomro N, Redrup D, Evens C. et al. Injury rate and patterns of Sydney grade cricketers: a prospective study of injuries in 408 cricketers. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94: 425-431 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135861.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Gregory PL, Batt ME, Wallace WA. Comparing injuries of spin bowling with fast bowling in young cricketers. Clin J Sport Med 2002; 12: 107-112
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Inge P, Orchard J, Kountouris A. et al. Injuries to elite female cricketers in australia over a 4 year period: a comparison to male injury patterns. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22: S28-S28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Panagodage Perera NK, Kountouris A, Kemp JL. et al. The incidence, prevalence, nature, severity and mechanisms of injury in elite female cricketers: A prospective cohort study. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22: 1014-1020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.013.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Annear PT, Chakera TM, Foster DH. et al. Pars interarticularis stress and disc degeneration in cricket's potent strike force: the fast bowler. Aus N Z J Surg 1992; 62: 768-773
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Arora M, Paoloni JA, Kandwal P. et al. Are fast-bowlers prone to back injuries? prevalence of lumbar spine injuries in fast-bowlers: review of mri-based studies. Asian J Sports Med 2014; 5: e24291 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.24291.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Bali K, Kumar V, Krishnan V. et al. Multiple lumbar transverse process stress fractures as a cause of chronic low back ache in a young fast bowler - a case report. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol 2011; 3: 8 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2555-3-8.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Burnett AF, Khangure MS, Elliott BC. et al. Thoracolumbar disc degeneration in young fast bowlers in cricket: a follow-up study. Clin Biomech 1996; 11: 305-310
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Crewe H, Elliott B, Couanis G. et al. The lumbar spine of the young cricket fast bowler: an MRI study. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 15: 190-194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2011.11.251.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Elliott BC, Davis JW, Khangure MS. et al. Disc degeneration and the young fast bowler in cricket. Clin Biomech 1993; 8: 227-234 DOI: 10.1016/0268-0033(93)90030-l.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Engstrom CM, Walker DG. Pars interarticularis stress lesions in the lumbar spine of cricket fast bowlers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 28-33 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000241642.82725.ac.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Engstrom CM, Walker DG, Kippers V. et al. Quadratus lumborum asymmetry and L4 pars injury in fast bowlers: a prospective MR study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 910-917 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3180408e25.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Ferdinands RED, Stuelcken M, Greene A, et al. Biomechanics of lumbar spine injury in young Australian fast bowlers. Br J Sports Med 2010; 44: i4. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.12
    PubMed
  • 65 Gregory PL, Batt ME, Wallace WA. Is risk of fast bowling injury in cricketers greatest in those who bowl most? A cohort of young English fast bowlers. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 125-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Hardcastle P, Annear P, Foster DH. et al. Spinal abnormalities in young fast bowlers. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1992; 74: 421-425
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Millson HB, Gray J, Stretch RA. et al. Dissociation between back pain and bone stress reaction as measured by CT scan in young cricket fast bowlers. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 586-591 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.006585.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Ranson CA, Burnett AF, Kerslake RW. Injuries to the lower back in elite fast bowlers: acute stress changes on MRI predict stress fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2010; 92: 1664-1668 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.92b12.24913.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Ranson CA, Kerslake RW, Burnett AF. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic professional fast bowlers in cricket. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87: 1111-1116 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.87b8.16405.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Stretch RA, Botha T, Chandler S. et al. Back injuries in young fast bowlers--a radiological investigation of the healing of spondylolysis and pedicle sclerosis. S Afr Med J 2003; 93: 611-616
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Alway P, Brooke-Wavell K, Langley B. et al. Incidence and prevalence of lumbar stress fracture in English County Cricket fast bowlers, association with bowling workload and seasonal variation. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5: e000529 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000529.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Ahmun R, McCaig S, Tallent J. et al. Association of Daily Workload, Wellness, Injury and Illness during Tours in International Cricketers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 369-377 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0315.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Black GM, Gabbett TJ, Cole MH. et al. Monitoring workload in throwing-dominant sports: a systematic review. Sports Med 2016; 46: 1503-1516 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0529-6.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Gabbett TJ, Hulin B, Blanch P. et al. To couple or not to couple? for acute:chronic workload ratios and injury risk, does it really matter?. Int J Sports Med 2019; 40: 597-600
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Dennis R, Farhart P, Clements M. et al. The relationship between fast bowling workload and injury in first-class cricketers: a pilot study. J Sci Med Sport 2004; 7: 232-236
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Orchard JW, James T, Portus M. et al. Fast bowlers in cricket demonstrate up to 3-to 4-week delay between high workloads and increased risk of injury. Am J Sports Med 2009; 37: 1186-1192 DOI: 10.1177/0363546509332430.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Orchard JW, Blanch P, Paoloni J. et al. Cricket fast bowling workload patterns as risk factors for tendon, muscle, bone and joint injuries. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 1064-1068 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093683.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Orchard JW, Blanch P, Paoloni J. et al. Fast bowling match workloads over 5-26 days and risk of injury in the following month. J Sci Med Sport 2015; 18: 26-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2014.09.002.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Pote L, Christie CJ. Workloads placed on adolescent cricket players: A pilot study. Int J Sport Sci Coach 2019; 14: 107-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Sims K, Kountouris A, Orchard J. et al. The relationship between cricket fast bowling workload and lumbar stress fracture. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20: 41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Saw R, Dennis RJ, Bentley D. et al. Throwing workload and injury risk in elite cricketers. Br J Sports Med 2011; 45: 805-808 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.061309.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Tysoe A, Moore IS, Ranson C. et al. Bowling loads and injury risk in male first class county cricket: Is 'differential load' an alternative to the acute-to-chronic workload ratio?. J Sci Med Sport 2020; DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.01.004.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Forrest MRL, Hebert JJ, Scott BR. et al. Exercise-based injury prevention for community-level adolescent cricket pace bowlers: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2020; DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.12.009.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Jones ME, Davies MA, Leyland KM. et al. The association of previous injury with joint pain, osteoarthritis, and joint replacement across all joints in former elite English cricketers. Osteoarthr Cartil 2017; 25: S200-S201
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Bullock G, Collins G, Arden N. et al. Having played sport while injured is associated with osteoarthritis, joint pain and worse health related quality of life. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22: S50-S51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Cai H, Bullock GS, Sanchez-Santos MT. et al. Joint pain and osteoarthritis in former recreational and elite cricketers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20: 596 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2956-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Bullock GS, Collins GS, Peirce N. et al. Playing sport injured is associated with osteoarthritis, joint pain and worse health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21: 111 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-3136-5.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Jones ME, Davies MA, Shah K. et al. The prevalence of hand and wrist osteoarthritis in elite former cricket and rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22: 871-875
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Jones ME, Palmer AJ, Leyland KM. et al. Patellar cartilage volume of the back leg versus the higher loaded front leg in current elite male English cricket fast bowlers. Osteoarthr Cartil 2016; 1: S320
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Sanchez-Santos MT, Peirce N, Arden NK. Is playing position, playing standard or length of play associated with joint specific osteoarthritis in cricketers?. Osteoarthr Cartil 2018; 26: S258
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Aggleton JP, Bland JM, Kentridge RW. et al. Handedness and longevity: archival study of cricketers. BMJ 1994; 309: 1681-1684
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Driller MW, Lastella M, Sharp AP. Individualized sleep education improves subjective and objective sleep indices in elite cricket athletes: A pilot study. J Sports Sci 2019; 37: 2121-2125 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1616900.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Filbay SR, Bishop FL, Peirce N. et al. Physical activity in former elite cricketers and strategies for promoting physical activity after retirement from cricket: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e017785 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017785.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Orchard J, Raju H, Kountouris A. et al. Clinical audit of a cardiac screening policy in elite Australian cricketers. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21: S61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Orchard J, La Gerche A, Kountouris A. et al. Audit of a cardiac screening policy for elite Australian cricketers. Heart Lung Circ 2019; 28: S150
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Noble-Jerks J, Weatherby RP, Meir R. Self-reported skin cancer protection strategies and location of skin cancer in retired cricketers: a case study from membership of the Emu Cricket Club. J Sci Med Sport 2006; 9: 441-445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.05.027.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Panagodage Perera N, Bullock G, Peirce N. et al. Physical activity in current and former cricketers. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22: S51
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Driscoll TR, Cripps R, Brotherhood JR. Heat-related injuries resulting in hospitalisation in Australian sport. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 11: 40-47 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.003.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Finch CF, Boufous S. The descriptive epidemiology of sports/leisure-related heat illness hospitalisations in New South Wales, Australia. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 11: 48-51 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.008.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Gore CJ, Bourdon PC, Woolford SM. et al. Involuntary dehydration during cricket. Int J Sports Med 1993; 14: 387-395 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1021197.
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Gamage PJ, Fortington LV, Finch CF. Risk perceptions for exertional heat illnesses in junior cricket in Sri Lanka. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2019; 5: e000508 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000508.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Holt NL. Coping in professional sport: A case study of an experienced cricket player. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology 2003; 5: 1-10
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Holt NL, Mandigo JL. Coping with performance worries among youth male cricket players. J Sport Behav 2004; 27: 39-57
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Lester D. Cricket Suicides. In: Suicide in Professional and Amateur Athletes: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Springfield, IL US: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 2013: 220-229
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Varma A. Cross-cultural Analysis in Anxiety, Positive Mood States and Performance of Male Cricket Players. Ann Arbor: University of Southern California; 1999
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Cooke E. An Experimental Study into the Effects of Anxiety Reduction Techniques on State and Trait Anxiety in Cricket Batters. Ann Arbor: The University of Edinburgh; 2011
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Shah A, Sava-Shah S, Wijeratne C. et al. Are elite cricketers more prone to suicide? A psychological autopsy study of Test cricketer suicides. Australas Psychiatry 2016; 24: 295-299 DOI: 10.1177/1039856216641311.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Arvinen-Barrow M, DeGrave K, Pack S. et al. Transitioning out of professional sport: the psychosocial impact of career-ending non-musculoskeletal injuries among male cricketers from england and wales. J Clin Sport Psychol 2019; 13: 629-644
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Elsey C. Mental health disclosure in the public eye: accounting for and managing absences from professional sporting competition. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health 2019; 11: 435-459 DOI: 10.1080/2159676X.2018.1564691.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Bullock GS, Collins GS, Peirce N. et al. Health-related quality of life and flourishing in current and former recreational and elite cricketers. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18: 41 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01301-7.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Cai H, Bullock GS, Sanchez-Santos MT. et al. Joint pain and osteoarthritis in former recreational and elite cricketers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20: 596
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Bullock G, Collins G, Arden N. et al. Resilience is associated with greater health related quality of life and flourishing in former cricketers. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22: S41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Schuring N, Aoki H, Gray J. et al. Osteoarthritis is associated with symptoms of common mental disorders among former elite athletes. Knee Surg Sport Traumatol Arthroscop 2017; 25: 3179-3185 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4255-2.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Times E. India constitutes 90 percent of one billion cricket fans: ICC research. In: Economic Times: 2018.
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Stead D, Maguire J. Cricket's Global'finishing school': The migration of overseas cricketers into English county cricket. Eur Phys Educ Rev 1998; 4: 54-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Orchard JW, Kountouris A, Sims KJ. et al. Change to injury profile of elite male cricketers in the T20 era. N Z J Sports Med 2015; 42: 13-17
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Orchard JW, Kountouris A, Sims K. Incidence and prevalence of elite male cricket injuries using updated consensus definitions. Open Access J Sports Med 2016; 7: 187-194 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.S117497.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Pandey CR. Cricket injury epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention. In: Doral MN, Karlsson J (Eds). Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation. Second Edition. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2015: 2729-2738
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Stuelcken MC, Ferdinands RE, Sinclair PJ. Three-dimensional trunk kinematics and low back pain in elite female fast bowlers. J Appl Biomech 2010; 26: 52-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Morton S, Barton Christian J, Rice S. et al. Risk factors and successful interventions for cricket-related low back pain: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48: 685-691
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65: 5-29
    PubMed
  • 122 Staples MP, Elwood M, Burton RC. et al. Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985. Med J Aust 2006; 184: 6-10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Kricker A, English DR, Randell PL. et al. Skin cancer in Geraldton, Western Australia: a survey of incidence and prevalence. Med J Aust 1990; 152: 399-407
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Green A, Beardmore G, Hart V. et al. Skin cancer in a Queensland population. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988; 19: 1045-1052
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Armstrong BK. How sun exposure causes skin cancer: an epidemiological perspective. In: Hill D, Elwood JM, English DR (Eds). Prevention of Skin Cancer. Cancer Prevention – Cancer Causes. Springer, Dordrecht; 2004: 89-116 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-0511-0_6
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Horsham C, Auster J, Sendall MC. et al. Interventions to decrease skin cancer risk in outdoor workers: update to a 2007 systematic review. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7: 10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Time-motion analysis of test and one-day international cricket centuries. J Sports Sci 2008; 26: 457-464
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Lewis SC, Karoly DJ. Anthropogenic contributions to Australia's record summer temperatures of 2013. Geophys Res Lett 2013; 40: 3705-3709
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Stay S, Cort M, Ward D. et al. Core temperature responses in elite cricket players during australian summer conditions. Sports (Basel) 2018; 164 DOI: 10.3390/sports6040164.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Boden BP, Breit I, Beachler JA. et al. Fatalities in high school and college football players. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41: 1108-1116 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513478572.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Bergeron MF, McKeag DB, Casa DJ. et al. Youth football: heat stress and injury risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1421-1430
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Luke AC, Bergeron MF, Roberts WO. Heat injury prevention practices in high school football. Clin J Sport Med 2007; 17: 488-493 DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815889f2.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Putukian M. The psychological response to injury in student athletes: a narrative review with a focus on mental health. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 145-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Vella SA, Swann C, Allen MS. et al. Bidirectional associations between sport involvement and mental health in adolescence. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49: 687-694
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 McAllister DR, Motamedi AR, Hame SL. et al. Quality of life assessment in elite collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med 2001; 29: 806-810 DOI: 10.1177/03635465010290062201.
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 136 Vella SA, Cliff DP, Magee CA. et al. Sports participation and parent-reported health-related quality of life in children: longitudinal associations. J Pediatr 2014; 164: 1469-1474
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 137 Filbay S, Pandya T, Thomas B. et al. Quality of life and life satisfaction in former athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 1723-1738
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 138 Dickersin K. The existence of publication bias and risk factors for its occurrence. JAMA 1990; 263: 1385-1389
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar