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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · Laryngorhinootologie 2022; 101(S 01): S114-S143
DOI: 10.1055/a-1660-5591
Referat

Die Vagusnervstimulation bei konservativ therapierefraktärer Epilepsie und Depression

Artikel in mehreren Sprachen: deutsch | English
H Möbius
1   Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, KRH Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover
2   Abt. für HNO-Heilkunde, Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult, Hannover
,
H J Welkoborsky
1   Klinik für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Halschirurgie, KRH Klinikum Nordstadt, Hannover
2   Abt. für HNO-Heilkunde, Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult, Hannover
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Zusammenfassung

Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass die Vagusnervstimulation (VNS) eine effiziente indirekte neuromodulatorische Therapie mit intermittierend appliziertem elektrischen Strom darstellt für die medikamentös therapierefraktäre Epilepsie, die nicht epilepsiechirurgisch interveniert werden kann, und die medikamentös therapierefraktäre Depression. Bei der VNS handelt es sich um eine etablierte, Evidenz basierte und in der Langzeitbetrachtung kosteneffektive Therapie in einem interdisziplinären Gesamtkonzept.

Es existieren Langzeitdaten zu Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit der Methode trotz großer Heterogenität der Patientenkollektive. Stimulationsbedingte Nebenwirkungen wie Heiserkeit, Parästhesien, Husten, Dyspnoe sind abhängig von der Stimulationsstärke und häufig mit fortschreitender Therapiedauer in den Folgejahren rückläufig. Stimulationsbezogene Nebenwirkungen der VNS sind durch Veränderung der Stimulationsparameter gut beeinflussbar. Insgesamt ist die invasive Vagusnervstimulation als sichere und gut verträgliche Therapieoption anzusehen.

Für die invasive und transkutane Vagusnervstimulation sind die antiepileptischen und antidepressiven sowie positive kognitive Effekte belegt. Im Gegensatz zu den Medikamenten wirkt sich die VNS nicht negativ auf die Kognition aus. Eine verbesserte Lebensqualität ist in vielen Fällen möglich.

Die iVNS-Therapie hat eine geringe Wahrscheinlichkeit der kompletten Anfallsfreiheit bei fokaler und genetisch generalisierter Epilepsie. Sie ist als palliative Therapie anzusehen, dass heisst, sie führt nicht zur Heilung und erfordert die Fortführung der spezifischen Medikation. Als Wirkprinzip wird eine allgemeine Reduktion neuronaler Exzitabilität betrachtet. Dieser Effekt stellt sich in einer langsamen Wirksamkeitssteigerung zum Teil über Jahre ein. Als Responder zählen Patienten mit einer mindestens 50%igen Reduktion der Anfallshäufigkeit. In Studien zeigt sich zum Teil in 20% der Fälle eine Anfallsfreiheit. Derzeit ist es nicht möglich, prätherapeutisch/präoperativ zwischen potentiellen Respondern und Non- Respondern zu differenzieren.

Durch die aktuellen technischen Weiterentwicklungen der VNS zur responsiven VNS Therapy mit Herzraten-basierter-Anfalls-Erkennung (CBSD) reduziert sich neben der Epilepsie-Anfallsschwere auch das SUDEP-Risiko (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients).

Die iVNS kann ein Schlaf-Apnoe-Syndrom verschlechtern und kann neben der engen Zusammenarbeit mit den Schlafmedizinern gegebenfalls eine nächtliche Therapiepause (z. B. Tag/Nacht-Programmierung) erfordern.

In Auswertung der zahlreichen iVNS-Studien der letzten 2 Jahrzehnte zeigten sich vielfältige positive Effekte auf weitere immunologische, kardiologische und gastroenterologische Erkrankungen, so dass sich je nach zukünftigen Studienergebnissen zusätzliche Therapieindikationen erwarten lassen. Aktuell ist die Vagusnervstimulation Gegenstand der Forschung in den Bereichen der Psychologie, Immunologie, Kardiologie, sowie Schmerz- oder Plastizitätsforschung mit erhofftem Potenzial zur zukünftigen medizinischen Anwendung.

Neben der invasiven Vagusnervstimulation wurden in den letzten Jahren Geräte zur transdermalen und somit nicht invasiven Vagusnervstimulation entwickelt. Diese haben nach den derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Daten eine etwas geringere Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich der Verminderung von Anfallsschwere und Anfallsdauer bei der therapierefraktären Epilepsie und eine etwas geringe Wirksamkeit bei der Verbesserung von Symptomen der Depression. Hierzu fehlen in vielen Fällen noch Studien, die eine hohe Evidenz der Wirksamkeit nachweisen. Gleiches gilt für die beschriebenen sonstigen Indikationen wie z. B. Tinnitus, Cephalgien, Magen-Darm-Beschwerden etc. Ein weiterer Nachteil der transkutanen Vagusnervstimulation liegt darin, dass die Stimulatoren vom Patienten aktiv angesetzt werden müssen und somit nur intermittierend wirksam sind, was eine hohe Therapieadhärenz unsicher macht.

Schlüsselwörter

Epilepsie - Depression - Vagusnervstimulation - responsive Vagusnervstimulation - transkutane Vagusnervstimulation - Lebensqualität - Biomarker - Wirkmechanismus


Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
23. Mai 2022

© 2022. Thieme. All rights reserved. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

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