Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen – alte und neue Entwicklungen

Die Entwicklung der letzten 15 Jahre hat die Diagnostik und Therapie der Neuromyelitis-optica-Spektrum-Erkrankungen (NMOSD) maßgeblich geprägt – von der Entdeckung der Aquaporin-4-Antikörper über die Differenzierung der diagnostischen Kriterien bis zur kürzlichen Zulassung von Eculizumab und Satralizumab als erste verlaufsmodifizierende Therapien. Dieser Artikel soll einen Überblick über die bisherigen Erkenntnisse und zukünftigen Therapiemöglichkeiten vermitteln.

Abstract

The achievements of the last 15 years have essentially shaped the diagnostic methods and therapy of Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD): from discovery of aquaporin 4 antibodies and further development of diagnostic criteria the path has led to the approval of eculizumab and satralizumab as first disease modifying treatments in Europe. This article should give an overview on the present insights and future treatment options.

Key words

NMOSD - MS - disease modifying therapie - optic neuritis - AQP4 - MOG

Publikationsverlauf

Artikel online veröffentlicht:
19. Oktober 2021

• Literatur

• 1 Jarius S, Wildemann B. The history of neuromyelitis optica. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10: 8 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-8.
• 2 Wingerchuk DM, Hogancamp WF, O'Brien PC. et al. The clinical course of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s syndrome). Neurology 1999; 53: 1107-1114 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.5.1107.
• 3 Lennon VA, Wingerchuk DM, Kryzer TJ. et al. A serum autoantibody marker of neuromyelitis optica. Distinction from multiple sclerosis. Lancet 2004; 364: 2106-2112 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17551-X.
• 4 Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ. et al. IgG marker of opticspinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J Exp Med 2005; 202: 473-477 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20050304.
• 5 Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ. et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2006; 66: 1485-1489 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000216139.44259.74.
• 6 Popescu BFG, Lennon VA, Parisi JE. et al. Neuromyelitis optica unique area postrema lesions. Nausea, vomiting, and pathogenic implications. Neurology 2011; 76: 1229-1237 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318214332c.
• 7 Kitley J, Woodhall M, Waters P. et al. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in adults with a neuromyelitis optica phenotype. Neurology 2012; 79: 1273-1277 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aac4e.
• 8 Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL. et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurology 2015; 85: 177-189 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001729.
• 9 Mori M, Kuwabara S, Paul F. Worldwide prevalence of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2018; 89: 555-556 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-317566.
• 10 Tanaka M, Tanaka K, Komori M. et al. Anti-aquaporin 4 antibody in Japanese multiple sclerosis. The presence of optic spinal multiple sclerosis without long spinal cord lesions and anti-aquaporin 4 antibody. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2007; 78: 990-992 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.114165.
• 11 Kira J-I. Multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2: 117-127 DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(03). 00308-9
• 12 Flanagan EP, Cabre P, Weinshenker BG. et al. Epidemiology of aquaporin-4 autoimmunity and neuromyelitis optica spectrum. Ann Neurol 2016; 79: 775-783 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24617.
• 13 Kim S-H, Mealy MA, Levy M. et al. Racial differences in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurology 2018; 91: e2089-e2099 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006574.
• 14 Sato DK, Callegaro D, Lana-Peixoto MA. et al. Distinction between MOG antibody-positive and AQP4 antibody-positive NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology 2014; 82: 474-481 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000101.
• 15 Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. The emerging relationship between neuromyelitis optica and systemic rheumatologic autoimmune disease. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 5-10 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511431077.
• 16 Zoccarato M, Saddi MV, Serra G. et al. Aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica following anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol 2013; 260: 3185-3187 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7182-x.
• 17 Spillane J, Christofi G, Sidle KC. et al. Myasthenia gravis and neuromyelitis opica. A causal link. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2013; 2: 233-237 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2013.01.003.
• 18 Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF. Neuromyelitis optica and the evolving spectrum of autoimmune aquaporin-4 channelopathies. A decade later. Ann NY Acad Sci USA 2016; 1366: 20-39 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12794.
• 19 Lucchinetti CF, Mandler RN, McGavern D. et al. A role for humoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica. Brain 2002; 125: 1450-1461 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awf151.
• 20 Uzawa A, Mori M, Kuwabara S. Role of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol 2013; 4: 167-172 DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12024.
• 21 Martinez-Hernandez E, Sepulveda M, Rostásy K. et al. Antibodies to aquaporin 4, myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and the glycine receptor α1 subunit in patients with isolated optic neuritis. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: 187-193 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.3602.
• 22 Papais-Alvarenga RM, Carellos SC, Alvarenga MP. et al. Clinical course of optic neuritis in patients with relapsing neuromyelitis optica. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 12-16 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2007.26.
• 23 Pekcevik Y, Mitchell CH, Mealy MA. et al. Differentiating neuromyelitis optica from other causes of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis on spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Mult Scler 2016; 22: 302-311 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515591069.
• 24 Apiwattanakul M, Popescu BF, Matiello M. et al. Intractable vomiting as the initial presentation of neuromyelitis optica. Ann Neurol 2010; 68: 757-761 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22121.
• 25 Cheng C, Jiang Y, Lu X. et al. The role of anti-aquaporin 4 antibody in the conversion of acute brainstem syndrome to neuromyelitis optica. BMC Neurol 2016; 16: 203 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-016-0721-1.
• 26 Kanbayashi T, Shimohata T, Nakashima I. et al. Symptomatic narcolepsy in patients with neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. New neurochemical and immunological implications. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1563-1566 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.264.
• 27 Suzuki K, Nakamura T, Hashimoto K. et al. Hypothermia, hypotension, hypersomnia, and obesity associated with hypothalamic lesions in a patient positive for the anti-aquaporin 4 antibody. A case report and literature review. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 1355-1359 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.300.
• 28 Newey CR, Bermel RA. Fulminant cerebral demyelination in neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2011; 77: 193 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182242d6e.
• 29 Ogawa R, Nakashima I, Takahashi T. et al MOG antibodypositive, benign, unilateral, cerebral cortical encephalitis with epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2017; 4: e322 DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000322.
• 30 Guo Y, Lennon VA, Popescu BFG. et al Autoimmune aquaporin-4 myopathy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum. JAMA Neurol 2014; 71: 1025-1029 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol. 2014.775.
• 31 Qian P, Lancia S, Alvarez E. et al Association of neuromyelitis optica with severe and intractable pain. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 1482-1487 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.768.
• 32 Chavarro VS, Mealy MA, Simpson A. et al Insufficient treatment of severe depression in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2016; 3: e286 DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000286.
• 33 Hyun J-W, Kim S-H, Jeong IH. et al Bright spotty lesions on the spinal cord. An additional MRI indicator of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder?. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2015; 86: 1280-1282 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-309761.
• 34 Flanagan EP, Weinshenker BG, Krecke KN. et al Short myelitis lesions in aquaporin-4-IgG-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: 81-87 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.2137.
• 35 Waters P, Reindl M, Saiz A. et al Multicentre comparison of a diagnostic assay. Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2016; 87: 1005-1015 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-312601.
• 36 Jarius S, Paul F, Franciotta D. et al Cerebrospinal fluid findings in aquaporin-4 antibody positive neuromyelitis optica. Results from 211 lumbar punctures. J Neurol Sci 2011; 306: 82-90 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.03.038.
• 37 Wingerchuk DM, Lennon VA, Lucchinetti CF. et al The spectrum of neuromyelitis optica. Lancet Neurol 2007; 6: 805-815 DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(07)70216-8.
• 38 Jarius S, Eichhorn P, Franciotta D. et al The MRZ reaction as a highly specific marker of multiple sclerosis. Re-evaluation and structured review of the literature. J Neurol 2017; 264: 453-466 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8360-4.
• 39 Sato DK, Callegaro D, de Haidar Jorge FM. et al Cerebrospinal fluid aquaporin-4 antibody levels in neuromyelitis optica attacks. Ann Neurol 2014; 76: 305-309 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24208.
• 40 Kira J-i. Unexpected exacerbations following initiation of disease-modifying drugs in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Which factor is responsible, anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies, B cells, Th1 cells, Th2 cells, Th17 cells, or others?. Mult Scler 2017; 23: 1300-1302 DOI: 10.1177/1352458517703803.
• 41 Kitley JL, Leite MI, George JS. et al The differential diagnosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Mult Scler 2012; 18: 271-285 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511406165.
• 42 Kleiter I, Gahlen A, Borisow N. et al Apheresis therapies for NMOSD attacks. A retrospective study of 207 therapeutic interventions. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2018; 5: e504 DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000504.
• 43 Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A. et al Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J Neurol 2014; 261: 1-16 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7169-7.
• 44 Bonnan M, Valentino R, Debeugny S. et al Short delay to initiate plasma exchange is the strongest predictor of outcome in severe attacks of NMO spectrum disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2018; 89: 346-351 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2017-316286.
• 45 Elsone L, Kitley J, Luppe S. et al Long-term efficacy, tolerability and retention rate of azathioprine in 103 aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients. A multicentre retrospective observational study from the UK. Mult Scler 2014; 20: 1533-1540 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514525870.
• 46 Nikoo Z, Badihian S, Shaygannejad V. et al Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. A randomized clinical trial. J Neurol 2017; 264: 2003-2009 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-017-8590-0.
• 47 Evangelopoulos ME, Andreadou E, Koutsis G. et al Treatment of neuromyelitis optica and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with rituximab using a maintenance treatment regimen and close CD19 B cell monitoring. A sixyear follow-up. J Neurol Sci 2017; 372: 92-96 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.11.016.
• 48 Ringelstein M, Ayzenberg I, Harmel J. et al Long-term therapy with interleukin 6 receptor blockade in highly active neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72: 756-763 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0533.
• 49 Pittock SJ, Berthele A, Fujihara K. et al Eculizumab in aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 614-625 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1900866.
• 50 Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ. et al Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOmentum). A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 2019: doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31817-3
• 51 Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K. et al Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 2019; 381: 2114-2124 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901747.