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DOI: 10.1055/a-1533-9764
Erregungssturm – Entstehung und Notfallbehandlung
Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): emergence and emergency management
Der Begriff Erregungssturm oder „Excited Delirium Syndrome“ (ExDS) wurde erstmals 1985 in der medizinischen Literatur für Patienten verwendet, die nach einem Kokain-induzierten Erregungszustand starben [1]. ExDS ist mit den Worten erregtes oder agitiertes Delir nur unzureichend übersetzt. Es handelt sich um einen Zustand maximaler psychophysischer Erregung mit verändertem Bewusstsein mit unterschiedlichen, häufig toxischen Auslösern und akuter Selbst- und Fremdgefährdung, dessen Risiken durch medizinische und polizeiliche Interventionen noch gesteigert werden können (lagebedingter Erstickungstod) [2]. Nach einer Zusammenfassung früherer Berichte stellen wir eine Reihe eigener Beobachtungen vor, skizzieren zugrunde liegende pathophysiologische Veränderungen und machen einen Vorschlag zum Prozedere mit dem Ziel der Risikosenkung.
Abstract
The Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS) is a state of maximum psychophysiological excitation far beyond mental agitation. Patients themselves are at an acute risk and put others at a high risk. We present data from eleven patients and a short literature review. Results: 9 of 11 patients were acutely intoxicated (alcohol, magic mushrooms, THC, ecstacy, or “flakka”). Eight had a history of substance abuse and 4 of other mental illness. None of the patients responded to attempts at verbal de-escalation. Seven had significant injuries at the time of admission to the hospital. The aggressive “psychiatric” presentation of ExDS can lead to vital risks being overlooked (hyperexcitation, acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, hypoxemia, and cardiovascular decompensation), which may even be increased by severe methods of restraint (hogtie; positional asphyxia). Early recognition of ExDS and its risks, comprehensive management and the prevention of inappropriate treatment will help to reduce fatal outcomes.
Schlüsselwörter
Erregungszustand - Agitation - exzitiertes Delir - Fixierung - Aggression - Eigengefährdung - Fremdgefährdung - NotfallpsychiatrieKey words
aggression - agitation - restraint - emergency psychiatry - excited delirium syndrome - self-harmPublication History
Article published online:
20 October 2021
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