Was wissen wir über die Zusammenhänge von Urbanisierung und psychischen Erkrankungen?

Zusammenfassung

Ziel der Arbeit Der in Städten lebende Anteil der Weltbevölkerung wird bis zum Jahr 2050 auf über zwei Drittel ansteigen. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick zu Untersuchungen über psychische Erkrankungen im Zusammenhang mit Urbanisierung und den zugrunde gelegten Konzepten.

Methodik Systematische Suche in Medline, Health Evidence und Google Scholar nach systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten und Einzelstudien. Analyse des Urbanisierungsbegriffs.

Ergebnisse Das urbane Setting geht mit höheren Inzidenz- und Prävalenzraten insbesondere für Störungen aus dem schizophrenen Formenkreis sowie affektive Erkrankungen einher. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Urbanisierung und psychischer Gesundheit bei Zuwanderern (Migration: Land in Stadt) ist nicht eindeutig belegt. Soziodemografische und -ökonomische Faktoren wirken moderierend. Urbanisierung wird in den Arbeiten wenig einheitlich konzeptualisiert.

Schlussfolgerung Weitere nachhaltige Untersuchungen mit einheitlichen methodischen Konzepten und aktuellen Geburtskohorten sind erforderlich.

Abstract

Objective The proportion of peoples living in cities or urban areas will increase till 2050 enormously. The present paper investigated the effect of urbanization on mental health.

Methods We systematically searched electronic databases (Medline, Health Evidence and Google Scholar) for systematic reviews and single studies.

Results Analyzed findings showed mostly increased incidence or prevalence ratios for the occurence of schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders and depression. The relationship between urbanisation and mental health among immigrants (migration: country to city) is not clearly established. Sociodemographic and economic factors have a moderating effect. Urbanization is not conceptualised in a uniform way.

Conclusion Further research is needed with standardized and consistent approaches of urbanization as well as focusing current birth cohorts.

Schlüsselwörter

Urbanisierung - psychische Gesundheit - Methodik

Keywords

urbanization - mental health - methods

Publication History

Article published online:
24 February 2021

• Literatur

• 1 Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen (WBGU). Welt im Wandel – Gesellschaftsvertrag für eine Große Transformation. Hauptgutachten Berlin: 2011
• 2 United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects 2018 – Highlights. New York: 2018
• 3 United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects. The 2014 Revision. Final Report. New York: 2015
• 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde e.V. (DGPPN). Psyche im Fokus – Stress in der Großstadt. Berlin: Magazin der DGPPN; 2015
• 5 Allender S, Foster C, Hutchinson L. et al. Quantification of urbanization in relation to chronic diseases in developing countries: a systematic review. J Urban Health 2008; 85: 938-951
• 6 Statistical Communique of China. National Economic and Social Development 2015. Beijing: 2015
• 7 United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Urbanization Prospects – The 2018 Revision. New York: 2018
• 8 Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Murray C. et al. Rethinking the “diseases of affluence” paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med 2005; 2: 404-412
• 9 Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower income countries. Public Health Nutr 1998; 1: 5-21
• 10 World Health Organization. The world health report 2007: a safer future: global public health security in the 21st century. Geneva: 2007
• 11 Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R. et al. Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India – The WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 80: 159-168
• 12 Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CMM. et al. Urbanisation and health. Clin Med 2005; 5: 137-141
• 13 Chan F, Adamo S, Coxson P. et al. Projected Impact of Urbanization on Cardiovascular Disease in China. Int J Public Health 2012; 57: 849-854
• 14 Smith S. et al. Urbanization and cardiovascular disease: Raising heart-healthy children in today’s cities. Geneva: The World Heart Federation; 2012
• 15 Faris R, Dunham W. Mental Disorders in Urban Areas. The University of Chicago Press; 1938
• 16 Butler E. Women and the trades. The Pittsburgh Survey; 1907–1908 Pittsburgh: 1909
• 17 Gruebner O, Rapp MA, Adli M. et al. Cities and Mental Health. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017; 114: 121-127
• 18 van Os J, Kenis G, Rutten BP. The environment and schizophrenia. Nature 2010; 468: 203-212
• 19 Zammit S, Lewis G, Rasbash J. et al. Individuals, schools, and neighborhood: a multilevel longitudinal study of variation in incidence of psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010; 67: 914-922
• 20 Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA. et al. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2007; 7: 10
• 21 Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D. et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Non-Randomized Studies in Meta-Analysis. 2000
• 22 Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC. et al. Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open 2016; 6: e011458
• 23 Swart E, Schmitt J. STandardized Reporting Of Secondary data Analyses (STROSA) – Vorschlag für ein Berichtsformat für Sekundärdatenanalysen – STandardized Reporting Of Secondary data Analyses (STROSA) – A recommendation. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes 2014; 108: 511-516
• 24 Li J, Rose N. Urban social exclusion and mental health of Chinaʼs rural-urban migrants – A review and call for research. Health Place 2017; 48: 20-30
• 25 Vassos E, Pedersen CB, Murray RM. et al. Meta-Analysis of the Association of Urbanicity With Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 2012; 38: 1118-1123
• 26 Penkalla A, Kohler S. Urbanicity and Mental Health in Europe. Eur J Ment Health 2013; 9: 163-177
• 27 Peen J, Schoevers RA, Beekman AT. et al. The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121: 84-93
• 28 Andrade LH, Wang YP, Andreoni S. et al. Mental Disorders in Megacities: Findings from the Sao Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey, Brazil. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e31879
• 29 Chen J, Chen S, Landry P. Urbanization and Mental Health in China: Linking the 2010 Population Census with a Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015; 12: 9012-9024
• 30 Chen J, Chen S, Landry P. et al. How Dynamics of Urbanization Affect Physical and Mental Health in Urban China. China Q 2014; 220: 988-1011
• 31 Bui QT, Vu LT, Tran D. Trajectories of depression in adolescents and young adults in Vietnam during rapid urbanisation: evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 2018; 30: 51-59
• 32 de Vries E, Rincon CJ, Martinez NT. et al. Housing index, urbanisation level and lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders: a cross-sectional analysis of the Colombian national mental health survey. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e019065
• 33 Eaton W, Mortensen P, Frydenberg M. Obstetric factors, urbanization and psychosis. Schizophr Res 2000; 43: 117-123
• 34 Jacobi F, Hoefler M, Siegert J. et al. Twelve-month prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in Germany: the Mental Health Module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1-MH). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014; 23: 304-319
• 35 Marcelis M, Takei N, van Os J. Urbanization and risk for schizophrenia: does the effect operate before or around the time of illness onset?. Psychol Med 1999; 29: 1197-1203
• 36 Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB, Westergaard T. et al. Effects of family History and Place and Season of Birth on the risk of Schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 603-608
• 37 Pedersen C, Mortensen PB. Evidence of a Dose Response Relationship between urbanicity during Upbrining and schizophrenia risk. Arch Gen Psych 2001; 58: 1039-1046
• 38 Phillips MR, Zhang J, Shi Q. et al. Prevalence, treatment, and associated disability of mental disorders in four provinces in China during 2001–05: an epidemiological survey. Lancet 2009; 373: 2041-2053
• 39 Vorster H, Wissing M, Venter C. et al. The impact of urbanization on physical, physiological and mental health of Africans in the North West Province of South Africa: the THUSA study. S Afr J Sci 2000; 96: 505-514
• 40 Wang R, Xue D, Liu Y. et al. The relationship between urbanization and depression in China: the mediating role of neighborhood social capital. Int J Equity Health 2018; 17: 105
• 41 Dekker J, Peen J, Koelen J. et al. Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 17
• 42 Vlahov D, Galea S. Urbanization, Urbanicity, and Health. J Urban Health 2002; 79: 1-12
• 43 Kovess-Masfety V, Alonso J, De Graaf R. et al. A European approach to rural-urban differences in mental health: the ESEMeD 2000 comparative study. Can J Psychiatry – Rev Canadienne de Psychiatrie 2005; 50: 926-936
• 44 Shanahan DF, Fuller RA, Bush R. et al. The health benefits of urban nature: how much do we need?. BioScience 2015; 65: 476-485
• 45 van den Berg AE, Hartig T, Staats H. Preference for nature in urbanized societies: Stress, restoration, and the pursuit of sustainability. J Soc Issues 2007; 63: 79-96
• 46 Gidloef Gunnarsson A, Oehrstroem E. Noise and well-being in urban residential environments: the potential role of perceived availability to nearby green areas. Landsc Urban Plan 2007; 83: 115-126
• 47 Rapp M. Covering Care for the Next Decade: A Crisis in Geriatric Psychiatry?. Psychiat Prax 2019; 46: 305-306
• 48 Thom J, Hoebel J, Nübel J. et al. Nehmen Depressionsdiagnosen bevölkerungsweit zu? – Prävalenzen selbstberichteter ärztlich diagnostizierter Depression in den repräsentativen Querschnittsstudien „Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell (GEDA)“ der Jahre 2009 und 2012. Psychiat Prax 2019; 46: 310-316
• 49 European Commission Global Human Settlement. The Degree of Urbanisation: a new global definition of cities, urban and rural areas – endorsed by the UN Statistical Commission. 2020
• 50 United Nations Statistical Commission. A recommendation on the method to delineate cities, urban and rural areas for international statistical comparisons. 2020