Hamostaseologie 2021; 41(01): 059-062
DOI: 10.1055/a-1336-6116
Review Article

GTH 2021 State of the Art—Cardiac Surgery: The Perioperative Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in Cardiac Surgery

Laura Ranta
1   Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
,
Emmanuelle Scala
1   Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
› Author Affiliations

Abstract

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a severe, immune-mediated, adverse drug reaction that paradoxically induces a prothrombotic state. Particularly in the setting of cardiac surgery, where full anticoagulation is required during cardiopulmonary bypass, the management of HIT can be highly challenging, and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this short review, the different perioperative strategies to run cardiopulmonary bypass will be summarized.



Publication History

Received: 01 November 2020

Accepted: 13 December 2020

Article published online:
15 February 2021

© 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 
  • References

  • 1 Staibano P, Arnold DM, Bowdish DM, Nazy I. The unique immunological features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 2017; 177 (02) 198-207
  • 2 Warkentin TE. The paradox of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7 (09) 1472-1473
  • 3 Greinacher A. Clinical practice. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2015; 373 (03) 252-261
  • 4 Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Horsewood P, Simpson PJ, Moore JC, Kelton JG. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2000; 96 (05) 1703-1708
  • 5 Warkentin TE. Laboratory diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Int J Lab Hematol 2019; 41 (Suppl. 01) 15-25
  • 6 Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK. et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2 Suppl): e495S-e530S
  • 7 Cuker A, Arepally GM, Chong BH. et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv 2018; 2 (22) 3360-3392
  • 8 Pishko AM, Cuker A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in cardiac surgery patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 2017; 43 (07) 691-698
  • 9 Veale JJ, McCarthy HM, Palmer G, Dyke CM. Use of bivalirudin as an anticoagulant during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Extra Corpor Technol 2005; 37 (03) 296-302
  • 10 Koster A, Dyke CM, Aldea G. et al. Bivalirudin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with previous or acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and heparin antibodies: results of the CHOOSE-ON trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2007; 83 (02) 572-577
  • 11 Choxi AA, Patel PA, Augoustides JG. et al. Bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and combined heart and kidney transplantation-diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2017; 31 (01) 354-364
  • 12 de Prada Martín B, Gualis Cardona J, Pérez Blanco I, Martínez Comendador JM. Fulminant coagulopathy after bivalirudin use in a patient diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and subject to cardiac bypass surgery [in Spanish]. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2014; 61 (03) 157-161
  • 13 Hassen K, Maccaroni MR, Sabry H, Mukherjee S, Serumadar S, Birdi I. Management of refractory bleeding post-cardiopulmonary bypass in an acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II renal failure patient who underwent urgent cardiac surgery with bivalirudin (Angiox®) anticoagulation. Perfusion 2018; 33 (03) 235-240
  • 14 Gatt P, Galea SA, Busuttil W, Grima C, Muscat J, Farrugia Y. Bivalirudin as an alternative anticoagulant for cardiopulmonary bypass during adult cardiac surgery - a change in practice. J Extra Corpor Technol 2017; 49 (01) 49-53
  • 15 Nikolaidis N, Velissaris T, Ohri SK. Bivalirudin anticoagulation for cardiopulmonary bypass: an unusual case. Tex Heart Inst J 2007; 34 (01) 115-118
  • 16 Koster A, Buz S, Krabatsch T, Yeter R, Hetzer R. Bivalirudin anticoagulation during cardiac surgery: a single-center experience in 141 patients. Perfusion 2009; 24 (01) 7-11
  • 17 Koster A, Faraoni D, Levy JH. Argatroban and bivalirudin for perioperative anticoagulation in cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2018; 128 (02) 390-400
  • 18 Hillebrand J, Sindermann J, Schmidt C, Mesters R, Martens S, Scherer M. Implantation of left ventricular assist devices under extracorporeal life support in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Artif Organs 2015; 18 (04) 291-299
  • 19 Martin ME, Kloecker GH, Laber DA. Argatroban for anticoagulation during cardiac surgery. Eur J Haematol 2007; 78 (02) 161-166
  • 20 Tanigawa Y, Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Nakagawachi A, Torikai A, Sakaguchi Y. Non-recovery of ACT in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II during mitral valve replacement using argatroban anticoagulation. J Anesth 2013; 27 (06) 951-955
  • 21 Wilde MI, Markham A. Danaparoid. A review of its pharmacology and clinical use in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Drugs 1997; 54 (06) 903-924
  • 22 Krauel KO, Furll BO, Warkentin TE. et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia – therapeutic concentrations of danaparoid, unlike fondaparinux and direct thrombin inhibitors, inhibit formation of platelet factor 4-heparin complexes. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6 (12) 2160-2167
  • 23 Westphal K, Martens S, Strouhal U. et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II: perioperative management using danaparoid in a coronary artery bypass patient with renal failure. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 45 (06) 318-320
  • 24 Koster A, Meyer O, Fischer T. et al. One-year experience with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist tirofiban and heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 122 (06) 1254-1255
  • 25 Koster A, Kukucka M, Bach F. et al. Anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II and renal impairment using heparin and the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist tirofiban. Anesthesiology 2001; 94 (02) 245-251
  • 26 Palatianos G, Michalis A, Alivizatos P. et al. Perioperative use of iloprost in cardiac surgery patients diagnosed with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-reactive antibodies or with true HIT (HIT-reactive antibodies plus thrombocytopenia): An 11-year experience. Am J Hematol 2015; 90 (07) 608-617
  • 27 Palatianos GM, Foroulis CN, Vassili MI. et al. Preoperative detection and management of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing heart surgery with iloprost. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 127 (02) 548-554
  • 28 Commin PL, Rozec B, Trossaert M, Le Teurnier Y, Fournet X, Blanloeil Y. Use of heparin and platelet GPIIbIIIa inhibitor tirofiban for cardiac surgery in patients for suspicion of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 2006; 25 (11-12): 1153-1157
  • 29 Chong BH, Burgess J, Ismail F. The clinical usefulness of the platelet aggregation test for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1993; 69 (04) 344-350
  • 30 DiSesa VJ, Huval W, Lelcuk S. et al. Disadvantages of prostacyclin infusion during cardiopulmonary bypass: a double-blind study of 50 patients having coronary revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 38 (05) 514-519
  • 31 Gernhofer YK, Banks DA, Golts E, Pretorius V. Novel use of cangrelor with heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia who require cardiovascular surgery: a case series. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 32 (04) 763-769
  • 32 Girgis AM, Golts E, Humber D, Banks DA. Successful use of cangrelor and heparin for cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and end-stage renal disease: a case report. A A Pract 2019; 13 (01) 10-12
  • 33 Scala E, Pitta-Gros B, Pantet O. et al. Cardiac surgery successfully managed with cangrelor in a patient with persistent anti-PF4/heparin antibodies 8 years after heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (11) 3073-3077
  • 34 Seider S, Ross M, Pretorius V, Maus T. The use of cangrelor and heparin for anticoagulation in a patient requiring pulmonary thromboendarterectomy surgery with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019; 33 (04) 1050-1053
  • 35 Scala E, Gerschheimer C, Gomez FJ, Alberio L, Marcucci C. Potential and limitations of the new P2Y12 inhibitor, cangrelor, in preventing heparin-induced platelet aggregation during cardiac surgery: an in vitro study. Anesth Analg 2020; 131 (02) 622-630
  • 36 Welsby IJ, Um J, Milano CA, Ortel TL, Arepally G. Plasmapheresis and heparin reexposure as a management strategy for cardiac surgical patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg 2010; 110 (01) 30-35
  • 37 Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Chu FV, Kapoor A, Crowther MA, Gangji A. Plasma exchange to remove HIT antibodies: dissociation between enzyme-immunoassay and platelet activation test reactivities. Blood 2015; 125 (01) 195-198
  • 38 Anderson D, Ali K, Blanchette V. et al. Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for hematologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev 2007; 21 (02) (Suppl. 01) S9-S56
  • 39 Warkentin TE. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a review. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12 (08) 685-698
  • 40 Koster A, Nazy I, Birschmann IE, Smith JW, Sheppard JI, Warkentin TE. High-dose IVIG plus cangrelor platelet “anesthesia” during urgent heparin-CPB in a patient with recent SRA-negative HIT-thrombosis with persisting platelet-activating antibodies. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4 (06) 1060-1064