Subscribe to RSS
DOI: 10.1055/a-1038-6592
Metabolic Profiling and Untargeted 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Study of Different Iranian Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Ecotypes
Supported by: National Institute for Medical Research Development 965403Supported by: Mashhad University of Medical Sciences 951316
Publication History
received 28 July 2019
revised 26 November 2019
accepted 06 December 2019
Publication Date:
18 December 2019 (online)
![](https://www.thieme-connect.de/media/plantamedica/202003/lookinside/thumbnails/10-1055-a-1038-6592_pmd0644-1.jpg)
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is an ancient fruit that is widely consumed as fresh fruit and juice. The aim of the present study was to compare the metabolic profile of pomegranate ecotypes from different geographical origins of Iran, the largest producer of pomegranates in the world. 1H-NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopy were applied to investigate the ecotypic variation. Multivariate data analyses were used to identify overall metabolic differences. Mazandaran pomegranate samples were found to be different from the other ecotypes, having a high content of citric and succinic acids. Bajestan, Ferdows, and Yazd pomegranates contained comparatively higher amounts of anthocyanins and ellagic acid derivatives than other pomegranate ecotypes. The distribution of metabolites among different ecotypes of pomegranate is discussed on the basis of these findings.
Key words
anthocyanin - 1H-NMR-based metabolomics - metabolite profiling - Iranian pomegranate - Punica granatum - LythraceaeSupporting Information
- Supporting Information
OPLS-DA score plot and loading column plot related to the discrimination of juice samples between Mazandaran and Shiraz pomegranates are described in Figs. 1S and 2S. Tight clustering among the pomegranate juice extracts of Khorasan provinces is shown in Fig. 3S. OPLS-DA score plot of pomegranate juice extracts from the mountainous areas in the West of Iran (Paveh pomegranate from Kermanshah) and semiarid regions in the East of Iran (Khorasan provinces) is available in Fig. 4S. The discrimination of the aromatic region (δ 6.5 – 10.5) between Yazd and Mazandaran pomegranate juice extracts is shown in Fig. 5S. Relative quantification of cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside based on the mean peak area of the signal at δ 9.24 is presented in Fig. 6S.
-
References
- 1 Holland D, Hatib K, Bar-Yaʼakov I. Pomegranate: Botany, horticulture, breeding. Hortic Rev 2009; 35: 127-191
- 2 Asadi-Gharneha HA, Mohammadzamani M, Karimi S. Evaluation of physico-chemical properties and bioactive compounds of some Iranian pomegranate cultivars. Int J Fruit Sci 2017; 17: 175-187
- 3 Anonymous Statistical Book of Agricultural of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Iranian Statistical Centre; 2016. – 2017. (In Persian)
- 4 Ebrahimi M. Production and supply of pomegranate in Iran. Економіка АПК 2015; 121-125
- 5 Drogoudi PD, Tsipouiridis C, Michailidis Z. Physical and chemical characteristics of pomegranates. HortSci 2005; 40: 1200-1203
- 6 Narzary D, Mahar KS, Rana TS, Ranade SA. Analysis of genetic diversity among wild pomegranate in western Himalayas, using PCR methods. Sci Hort 2009; 122: 237-247
- 7 Martínez JJ, Hernández F, Abdelmajid H, Legua P, Martínez R, El Amine A, Mel-garejo P. Physico-chemical characterization of six pomegranate cultivars from Morocco: processing and fresh market aptitudes. Sci Hort 2012; 140: 100-106
- 8 Viuda-Martos M, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA. Pomegranate and its many functional components as related to human health: a review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9: 635-654
- 9 Aviram M, Dorafeld L, Kaplan M, Coleman R, Gaitini D, Nitecki S, Hofman A, Rosenblat M, Volkova N, Presser D, Attias J, Hayek T, Fuhrman B. Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit LDL oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2002; 28: 49-62
- 10 Aviram M, Dorafeld L. Pomeganate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis 2001; 158: 195-198
- 11 Bassiri-Jahromi S. Punica granatum (Pomegranate) activity in health promotion and cancer prevention. Oncol Rev 2018; 12: 345-351
- 12 Panth N, Manandhar B, Paudel KR. Anticancer activity of Punica granatum (pomegranate): A review. Phytother Res 2017; 31: 568-578
- 13 Modaeinama S, Abasi M, Abbasi MM, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Anti tumoral properties of Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel extract on different human cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16: 5697-5701
- 14 Esmaillzadeh A, Tahbaz F, Gaieni I, Alavi-Majd H, Azadbakht L. Cholesterol-lowering effect of concentrated pomegranate juice consumption in type II diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2006; 76: 147-151
- 15 Ismail T, Sestili P, Akhtar S. Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: a review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143: 397-405
- 16 Huang THW, Peng G, Kota BP, Li GQ, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD, Li Y. Anti-diabetic action of Punica granatum flower extract: activation of PPAR-gamma and identification of an active component. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 207: 160-169
- 17 McFarlin BK, Strohacker KA, Kueht ML. Pomegranate seed oil consumption during a period of high-fat feeding reduces weight gain and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in CD-1 mice. Br J Nutr 2009; 102: 54-59
- 18 Rock W, Rosenblat M, Miller-Lotan R, Levy AP, Elias M, Aviram M. Consumption of wonderful variety pomegranate juice and extract by diabetic patients increases paraoxonase-1 association with high-density lipo-protein and stimulates its catalytic activities. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56: 8704-8713
- 19 Hartman RE, Shah A, Fagan AM, Schwetye KE, Parsadanian M, Schulman RN, Finn MB, Holtzman DM. Pomegranate juice decreases amyloid load and improves behavior in a mouse model of Alzheimerʼs disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 24: 506-515
- 20 Zhang J, Xu G. Anti-oxidative effect of pomegranate juice intervention at different times on aging mice. J Shandong Univ 2007; 45: 1092-1095
- 21 Ahmad I, Beg AZ. Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies on 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogen. J Ethnopharmacol 2001; 74: 113-123
- 22 Houston DMJ, Bugert JJ, Denyer SP, Heard CM. Potentiated virucidal activity of pomegranate rind extract (PRE) and punicalagin against Herpes simplex virus (HSV) when co-administered with zinc (II) ions, and antiviral activity of PRE against HSV and aciclovir-resistant HSV. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0179291
- 23 Howe AB, DʼSouza DH. The pomegranate: effects on bacteria and viruses that influence human health. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013; 2013: 606212
- 24 Gil MI, Barberán T, Francisco A, Pierce BH, Holcroft DM, Kader AA. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice and its relationship with phenolic composition and processing. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48: 4581-4589
- 25 Bhowmik D, Gopinath H, Kumar BP, Kumar K. Medicinal uses of Punica granatum and its health benefits. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 2013; 1: 28-35
- 26 Son HS, Hwang GS, Kim KM, Ahn HJ, Park WM, van den Berg F, Hong YS, Lee CH. Metabolomic studies on geographical grapes and their wines using 1H NMR analysis coupled with multivariate statistics. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 1481-1490
- 27 Dixon RA, Gang DR, Charlton AJ, Fiehn O, Kuiper HA, Reynolds TL, Tjeerdema RS, Jeffery EH, German JB, Ridley WP, Seiber JN. Applications of metabolomics in agriculture. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 8984-8994
- 28 Maraschin M, Somensi-Zeggio A, Oliveira SK, Kuhnen S, Tomazzoli MM, Raguzzoni JC, Zeri AC, Carreira R, Correia S, Costa C, Rocha M. Metabolic profiling and classification of propolis samples from southern brazil: An NMR-based platform coupled with machine learning. J Nat Prod 2016; 79: 13-23
- 29 Lokesh. Suryaprakash N. Weakly ordered chiral alignment medium derived from 5′-GMP: guanosine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49: 2049-2051
- 30 Bhatia A, Tripathi T, Singh S, Bisht H, Behl HM, Roy R, Sidhu OP. Comprehensive metabolite profiling in distinct chemotypes of Commiphora wightii . Nat Prod Res 2019; 33: 17-23
- 31 Kraszni M, Marosi A, Larive CK. NMR assignments and the acid-base characterization of the pomegranate ellagitannin punicalagin in the acidic pH-range. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405: 5807-5816
- 32 Du CT, Wang PL, Francis FJ. Anthocyanins of pomegranate, Punica granatum . J Food Sci 1975; 40: 417-418
- 33 Fossen T, Slimestad R, Andersen MØM. Anthocyanins with 4′-glucosidation from red onion, Allium cepa . Phytochemistry 2003; 64: 1367-1374
- 34 Vodopivec BM, Wang J, Møller AL, Krake J, Lund T, Hansen PE, Nielsen SL. Differences in the structure of anthocyanins from the two amphibious plants, Lobelia cardinalis and Nesaea crassicaulis . Nat Prod Res 2013; 27: 654-664
- 35 Hoshino T. Self-association of flavylium cations of anthocyanidin 3,5-diglucosides studied by circular dichroism and 1H NMR. Phytochemistry 1992; 31: 647-653
- 36 Eriksson L, Johansson E, Kettaneh-Wold N, Wold S. Introduction to multi- and megavariate Data Analysis using Projection Methods (PCA and PLS). Umeå, Sweden: Umetrics AB; 1999
- 37 Dafny-Yalin M, Glazer I, Bar-Ilan I, Kerem Z, Holland D, Amir R. Color, sugars and organic acids composition in aril juices and peel homogenates prepared from different pomegranate accessions. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58: 4342-4352
- 38 Ozgen M, Durgaç C, Serçe S, Kaya C. Chemical and antioxidant properties of pomegranate cultivars grown in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Food Chem 2008; 111: 703-706
- 39 Pande G, Akoh CC. Antioxidant capacity and lipid characterization of six Georgia-grown pomegranate cultivars. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 9427-9436
- 40 Schwartz E, Tzulker R, Glazer I, Bar-Yaʼakov I, Weisman Z, Tripler E, Bar-Ilan I, Fromm H, Borochov-Neori H, Holland D, Amir R. Environmental conditions affect the color, taste, and antioxidant capacity of 11 pomegranate accessionsʼ fruits. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57: 9197-9209
- 41 Schwartz E, Glazer I, Bar-Yaʼakov I, Matityahu I, Bar-Ilan I, Holland D, Amir R. Changes in chemical constituents during the maturation and ripening of two commercially important pomegranate accessions. Food Chem 2009; 115: 965-973
- 42 Tehranifar A, Zarei M, Nemati Z, Esfandiyari B, Vazifeshenas MR. Investigation of physic-chemical properties and antioxidant activity of twenty Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. Sci Hort 2010; 126: 180-185
- 43 Radunić M, Špika SM, Goreta BS, Gadže J, Díaz-Pérez JC, MacLean D. Physical and chemical properties of pomegranate fruit accessions from Croatia. Food Chem 2015; 177: 53-60
- 44 Dieterle F, Ross A, Schlotterbeck G, Senn H. Probabilistic quotient normalization as robust method to account for dilution of complex biological mixtures. Application in 1H NMR metabonomics. Anal Chem 2006; 78: 4281-4290
- 45 Craig A, Cloarec O, Holmes E, Nicholson JK, Lindon JC. Scaling and normalization effects in NMR spectroscopic metabonomic data sets. Anal Chem 2006; 78: 2262-2267