Int J Sports Med 2019; 40(12): 762-767
DOI: 10.1055/a-0985-4464
Physiology & Biochemistry
© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

C-Reactive Protein Serum Levels as an Internal Load Indicator of Sprints in Competitive Football Matches

Pedro Jatene
1   Group of Study and Research in Exercise Science (GEPECEF), Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul, Sao Caetano do Sul, Brazil
,
Gustavo Silva dos Santos
1   Group of Study and Research in Exercise Science (GEPECEF), Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul, Sao Caetano do Sul, Brazil
,
Daniel Leite Portella
2   School of Physical Education - Group of Study and Research in Exercise Science (GEPECEF), Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul, Sao Caetano do Sul, Brazil
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History



accepted 22 July 2019

Publication Date:
29 August 2019 (online)

Abstract

This study compared internal load variable dynamics across three consecutive football matches and investigated its relationship with the number of sprints performed by players. Twenty-three male players had blood and salivary samples collected for hormonal concentration (testosterone, cortisol, and testosterone-cortisol ratio), and serum analysis (interleukin-6, interleukin-1-beta, and c-reactive-protein), respectively. Sprints were measured through Global Position System devices. Testosterone and testosterone-cortisol-ratio presented a decreasing behavior up to the second match, and all other indicators presented an increasing behavior during the same period, c-reactive-protein was the only indicator observed to significantly rise up to the third match as well (0.38±0.02 mg/L; 0.49±0.05 mg/L; 0.69±0.05 mg/L; 0.89±0.08 mg/L). C-reactive-protein showed strong correlations with sprints in the second and third matches (p<0.01, r=0.71 and 0.79), and weak-to-moderate in the first one (p<0.05, r=0.59). Interleukin-6 and interleukin-1-beta presented weak-to-moderate correlation in every match (p<0.05, r=0.48 to 0.51; r=0.51 to 0.55) while testosterone-cortisol ratio presented weak-to-moderate correlation only in the third one (p<0.05, r=0.42). Multilevel linear regression showed that c-reactive-protein had a higher R2 than other biomarker in any regression model (R2=0.624; p<0.001). Therefore, c-reactive-protein can be a valid and reliable indicator of sprinting in competitive football. Future research should explore longer periods of monitoring and/or others external load variables so that other behaviors may arise to knowledge.

 
  • References

  • 1 Bangsbo J, Mohr M, Krustrup P. Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player. J Sports Sci 2006; 24: 665-674
  • 2 Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Match performance of high-standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J Sports Sci 2003; 21: 519-528
  • 3 Nédélec M, McCall A, Carling C, Legall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G. Recovery in soccer. Sports Med 2013; 43: 9-22
  • 4 Jones CM, Griffiths PC, Mellalieu SD. Training load and fatigue marker associations with injury and illness: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Sports Med 2017; 47: 943-974
  • 5 Halson SL. Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Med 2014; 44: 139-147
  • 6 Suárez-Arrones L, Torreño N, Requena B, Sáez De Villarreal E, Casamichana D, Barbero-Alvarez JC, Munguía-Izquierdo D. Match-play activity profile in professional soccer players during official games and the relationship between external and internal load. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2015; 55: 1417-1422
  • 7 Silva JR, Magalhães J, Ascensão A, Seabra AF, Rebelo AN. Training status and match activity of professional soccer players throughout a season. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 20-30
  • 8 Di Salvo V, Baron R, González-Haro C, Gormasz C, Pigozzi F, Bachl N. Sprinting analysis of elite soccer players during European Champions League and UEFA Cup matches. J Sports Sci 2010; 28: 1489-1494
  • 9 Bradley PS, Carling C, Archer D, Roberts J, Dodds A, Di Mascio M, Paul D, Diaz AG, Peart D, Krustrup P. The effect of playing formation on high-intensity running and technical profiles in English FA Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci 2011; 29: 821-830
  • 10 Ingebrigtsen J, Dalen T, Hjelde GH, Drust B, Wisløff U. Acceleration and sprint profiles of a professional elite football team in match play. Eur J Sports Sci 2015; 15: 101-110
  • 11 Bishop D, Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A. Repeated sprint ability: Part II. Sports Med 2011; 41: 741-756
  • 12 Rampinini E, Coutts A, Castagna C, Sassi R, Impellizzeri F. Variation in top level soccer match performance. Int J Sports Med 2007; 28: 1018-1024
  • 13 Rampinini E, Sassi A, Morelli A, Mazzoni S, Fanchini M, Coutts A. Repeated-sprint ability in professional and amateur soccer players. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34: 1048-1054
  • 14 Hoppe MW, Slomka M, Baumgart C, Weber H, Freiwald J. Match running performance and success across a season in German Bundesliga soccer teams. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36: 563-566
  • 15 Bradley P, Sheldon W, Wooster B, Olsen P, Boanas P, Krustrup P. High-intensity running in English FA Premier League soccer matches. J Sports Sci 2009; 27: 159-168
  • 16 Mendez-Villanueva A, Hamer P, Bishop D. Fatigue responses during repeated sprints matched for initial mechanical output. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 2219-2225
  • 17 Mendez-Villanueva A, Hamer P, Bishop D. Fatigue in repeated-sprint exercise is related to muscle power factors and reduced neuromuscular activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103: 411-419
  • 18 Carling C, McCall A, Le Gall F, Dupont G. The impact of short periods of match congestion on injury risk and patterns in an elite football club. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50: 764-768
  • 19 Dellal A, Lago-Peñas C, Rey E, Chamari K, Orhant E. The effects of a congested fixture period on physical performance, technical activity and injury rate during matches in a professional soccer team. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49: 390-394
  • 20 Carling C, Le Gall F, Dupont G. Are physical performance and injury risk in a professional soccer team in match-play affected over a prolonged period of fixture congestion?. Int J Sports Med 2012; 33: 36-42
  • 21 Bengtsson H, Ekstrand J, Hägglund M. Muscle injury rates in professional football increase with fixture congestion: An 11-year follow-up of the UEFA champions league injury study. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47: 743-747
  • 22 Bengtsson H, Ekstrand J, Waldén M, Hägglund M. Muscle injury rate in professional football is higher in matches played within 5 days since the previous match: A 14-year prospective study with more than 130 000 match observations. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52: 1116-1122
  • 23 Ispirlidis I, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Michailidis I, Douroudos I, Margonis K, Chatzinikolaou A, Kalistratos E, Katrabasas I, Alexiou V, Taxildaris K. Time-course of changes in inflammatory and performance responses following a soccer game. Clin J Sports Med 2008; 18: 423-431
  • 24 Souglis AG, Papapanagiotou A, Bogdanis GC, Travlos AK, Apostolidis NG, Geladas ND. Comparison of inflammatory responses to a soccer match between elite male and female players. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29: 1227-1233
  • 25 Silva JR, Ascensão A, Marques F, Seabra A, Rebelo A, Magalhães J. Neuromuscular function, hormonal and redox status and muscle damage of professional soccer players after a high-level competitive match. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113: 2193-2201
  • 26 Silva JR, Rebelo A, Marques F, Pereira L, Seabra A, Ascensão A, Magalhães J. Biochemical impact of soccer: An analysis of hormonal, muscle damage, and redox markers during the season. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39: 432-438
  • 27 Mohr M, Draganidis D, Chatzinikolaou A, Barbero-Álvarez JC, Castagna C, Douroudos I, Avloniti A, Margeli A, Papassotiriou I, Flouris AD, Jamurtas AZ, Krustrup P, Fatouros IG. Muscle damage, inflammatory, immune and performance responses to three football games in 1 week in competitive male players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116: 179-193
  • 28 Rowell AE, Aughey RJ, Hopkins WG, Esmaeili A, Lazarus BH, Cormack SJ. Effects of training and competition load on neuromuscular recovery, testosterone, cortisol, and match performance during a season of professional football. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 668
  • 29 Kraemer WJ, French DN, Paxton NJ, Hakkinen K, Volek JS, Sebastianelli WJ, Putukian M, Newton RU, Rubin MR, Gómez AL, Vescovi JD, Ratamess NA, Fleck SJ, Lynch JM, Knuttgen HG. Changes in exercise performance and hormonal concentrations over a big ten soccer season in starters and nonstarters. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 121-128
  • 30 Doeven SH, Brink MS, Kosse SJ, Lemmink KAPM. Postmatch recovery of physical performance and biochemical markers in team ball sports: A systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4: e000264
  • 31 Haneishi K, Fry AC, Moore CA, Schilling BK, Li Y, Fry MD. Cortisol and stress responses during a game and practice in female collegiate soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 583-588
  • 32 Nakajima T, Kurano M, Hasegawa T, Takano H, Iida H, Yasuda T, Fukuda T, Madarame H, Uno K, Meguro K, Shiga T, Sagara M, Nagata T, Maemura K, Hirata Y, Yamasoba T, Nagai R. Pentraxin3 and high-sensitive C-reactive protein are independent inflammatory markers released during high-intensity exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110: 905-913
  • 33 Peñailillo L, Maya L, Niño G, Torres H, Zbinden-Foncea H. Salivary hormones and IgA in relation to physical performance in football. J Sports Sci 2015; 33: 2080-2087
  • 34 Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9: 754
  • 35 Gleeson M. Biochemical and immunological markers of over-training. J Sports Sci Med 2002; 1: 31-41
  • 36 Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for ethics in sport and exercise science research: 2018 update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38: 1126-1131
  • 37 Faulkner JA. Physiology of swimming and diving. In Falls H. (Ed.). Exercise Physiology. Baltimore: Academic Press; 1968: 415-446
  • 38 Marfell-Jones M, Olds T, Stewart A, Carter L. International Society for the Advancement of Kim Anthropometric. International Standards for Anthropometric Assessment. The International Society for the Advancement of Kim Anthropometric (ISAK): Potchefsroom, South Africa,; 2006
  • 39 Viru A, Viru M. Cortisol–essential adaptation hormone in exercise. Int J Sports Med 2004; 25: 461-464
  • 40 Crewther BT, Lowe T, Weatherby RP, Gill N, Keogh J. Neuromuscular performance of elite rugby union players and relationships with salivary hormones. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 2046-2053
  • 41 Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum c-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-1569
  • 42 Souglis A, Bogdanis GC, Giannopoulou I, Papadopoulos C, Apostolidis N. Comparison of inflammatory responses and muscle damage indices following a soccer, basketball, volleyball and handball game at an elite competitive level. Res Sports Med 2015; 23: 59-72
  • 43 Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK. Muscle-derived interleukin-6: mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB J 2002; 16: 1335-1347
  • 44 Steensberg A, Fischer CP, Keller C, Moller K, Pedersen BK. IL-6 enhances plasma IL-1ra, IL-10, and cortisol in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003; 285: E433-E437
  • 45 Weight LM, Alexander D, Jacobs P. Strenuous exercise: analogous to the acute-phase response?. Clin Sci (Lond) 1991; 81: 677-683
  • 46 Silva JR, Magalhães JF, Ascensão AA, Oliveira EM, Seabra AF, Rebelo AN. Individual match playing time during the season affects fitness-related parameters of male professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 2729-2739