Download PDF
J Hand Microsurg 2009; 01(02): 82-91
DOI: 10.1007/s12593-009-0021-8
Review Article
Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.

The role of locking technology in the upper extremity

Siddharth B. Joglekar
1   Orthopaedic Traumatology, Temple Hand Center Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2   Orthopaedic Surgery, Temple Hand Center Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA   Email: asif.ilyas@tuhs.temple.edu
,
Asif M. Ilyas
1   Orthopaedic Traumatology, Temple Hand Center Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
2   Orthopaedic Surgery, Temple Hand Center Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA   Email: asif.ilyas@tuhs.temple.edu
› Author Affiliations
Subject Editor:
Further Information

Publication History

26 April 2009

06 July 2009

Publication Date:
05 September 2016 (online)

  PDF Download  Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

The technique of locked plating has been a major advance in Orthopaedic fracture surgery and has had an equal impact on the management of upper extremity fractures. The recognition of the role of vascularity and soft tissues in fracture healing was central to the research and development of newer plate designs that left minimal footprints on the surface of the bone. Subsequently, innovative locking technology has improved our ability to manage cases with extensive communition, inadequate bone stock, and peri-articular fractures. This paper will review the role of locking technology in the management of fractures of the upper extremity.

Keywords

Locking technology - locking screws - locking plates - distal radius - proximal humerus
 

  • References

  • 1 Schatzker J, Brudnicki J. The evolution of AO/ASIF views on fracture treatment. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol 2006; 71: 275-279
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Helfet DL, Haas NP, Schatzker J et al AO philosophy and principles of fracture management-its evolution and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85A: 1156-1160
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Perren SM. Evolution of the internal fixation of long bone fractures. The scientific basis of biological internal fixation: Choosing a new balance between stability and biology. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2002; 84: 1093-1110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Perren SM. Evolution and rationale of locked internal fixator technology. Introductory remarks. Injury 2001; 32 (Suppl 2) B3-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Haidukewych GJ. Innovations in locking plate technology. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2004; 12: 205-212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Frigg R, Appenzeller A, Christensen R et al The development of the distal femur less invasive stabilization system (liss). Injury 2001; 32 (Suppl 3) SC24-SC31
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Egol KA, Kubiak EN, Fulkerson E et al Biomechanics of locked plates and screws. J Orthop 2004; Trauma18: 488-493
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Mast Jr J, Ganz R. Planning and reduction technique in fracture surgery. 1989. Springer-Verlag;
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Kregor PJ. Distal femur fractures with complex articular involvement: Management by articular exposure and submuscular fixation. Orthop Clin North Am 2002; 33: 153-175
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Jazrawi LM, Kummer FJ, Simon JA et al New technique for treatment of unstable distal femur fractures by locked double-plating: Case report and biomechanical evaluation. J Trauma 2000; 48: 87-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Behrens F, Johnson W. Unilateral external fixation. Methods to increase and reduce frame stiffness. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989; 48-56
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Kolodziej P, Lee FS, Patel A et al Biomechanical evaluation of the schuhli nut. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998; 79-85
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Koval KJ, Hoehl JJ, Kummer FJ et al Distal femoral fixation: A biomechanical comparison of the standard condylar buttress plate, a locked buttress plate, and the 95-degree blade plate. J Orthop Trauma 1997; 11: 521-524
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Hofer HP, Wildburger R, Szyszkowitz R. Observations concerning different patterns of bone healing using the point contact fixator (pc-fix) as a new technique for fracture fixation. Injury 2001; 32 (Suppl 2) B15-B25
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Frigg R. Locking compression plate (lcp). An osteosynthesis plate based on the dynamic compression plate and the point contact fixator (pc-fix). Injury 2001; 32 (Suppl 2) 63-66
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Haidukewych GJ, Ricci W. Locked plating in orthopaedic trauma: A clinical update. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008; 16: 347-355
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Leung F, Chow SP. A prospective, randomized trial comparing the limited contact dynamic compression plate with the point contact fixator for forearm fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85-A: 2343-2348
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Smith WR, Ziran BH, Anglen JO et al Locking plates: Tips and tricks. Instr Course Lect 2008; 57: 25-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Lind T, Kroner K, Jensen J. The epidemiology of fractures of the proximal humerus. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1989; 108: 285-287
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S et al Update in the epidemiology of proximal humeral fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 442: 87-92
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Neer CS. 2nd: Displaced proximal humeral fractures. I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970; 52: 1077-1089
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Neer CS. 2nd: Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Ii. Treatment of three-part and four-part displacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1970; 52: 1090-1103
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Badman BL, Mighell M. Fixed-angle locked plating of two-, three-, and four-part proximal humerus fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008; 16: 294-302
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Tanner MW, Cofield RH. Prosthetic arthroplasty for fractures and fracture-dislocations of the proximal humerus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1983; 116-128
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 25 Norris TR, Green A, McGuigan FX. Late prosthetic shoulder arthroplasty for displaced proximal humerus fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4: 271-280
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Goldman RT, Koval KJ, Cuomo F et al Functional outcome after humeral head replacement for acute three-and four-part proximal humeral fractures. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1995; 4: 81-86
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Moeckel BH, Dines DM, Warren RF et al Modular hemiarthroplasty for fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992; 74: 884-889
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Vallier HA. Treatment of proximal humerus fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21: 469-476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Edwards SL, Wilson NA, Zhang LQ et al Two-part surgical neck fractures of the proximal part of the humerus. A biomechanical evaluation of two fixation techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88: 2258-2264
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Gardner MJ, Griffith MH, Demetrakopoulos D et al Hybrid locked plating of osteoporotic fractures of the humerus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88: 1962-1967
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Gardner MJ, Griffith MH, Lorich DG. Helical plating of the proximal humerus. Injury 2005; 36: 1197-1200
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Egol KA, Ong CC, Walsh M et al Early complications in proximal humerus fractures (ota types 11) treated with locked plates. J Orthop Trauma 2008; 22: 159-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Owsley KC, Gorczyca JT. Fracture displacement and screw cutout after open reduction and locked plate fixation of proximal humeral fractures (corrected). J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90: 233-240
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Gardner MJ, Weil Y, Barker JU et al The importance of medial support in locked plating of proximal humerus fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21: 185-191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Bjorkenheim JM, Pajarinen J, Savolainen V. Internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with a locking compression plate: A retrospective evaluation of 72 patients followed for a minimum of 1 year. Acta Orthop Scand 2004; 75: 741-745
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Handschin AE, Cardell M, Contaldo C et al Functional results of angular-stable plate fixation in displaced proximal humeral fractures. Injury 2008; 39: 306-313
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Korkmaz MF, Aksu N, Gogus A et al the results of internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with the philos locking plate. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2008; 42: 97-105
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Fankhauser F, Boldin C, Schippinger G et al A new locking plate for unstable fractures of the proximal humerus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005; 176-181
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Koukakis A, Apostolou CD, Taneja T et al Fixation of proximal humerus fractures using the philos plate: Early experience. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 442: 115-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Hente R, Kampshoff J, Kinner B et al (treatment of dislocated 3- and 4-part fractures of the proximal humerus with an angle-stabilizing fixation plate). Unfallchirurg 2004; 107: 769-782
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Plecko M, Kraus A. Internal fixation of proximal humerus fractures using the locking proximal humerus plate. Oper Orthop Traumatol 2005; 17: 25-50
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Solberg BD, Moon CN, Franco DP et al Locked plating of 3- and 4-part proximal humerus fractures in older patients: The effect of initial fracture pattern on outcome. J Orthop Trauma 2009; 23: 113-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Anjum SN, Butt MS. Treatment of comminuted proximal humerus fractures with shoulder hemiarthroplasty in elderly patients. Acta Orthop Belg 2009; 71: 388-395
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Demirhan M, Kilicoglu O, Altinel L et al Prognostic factors in prosthetic replacement for acute proximal humerus fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2003; 17: 181-188 discussion 188–189
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Robinson CM, Page RS, Hill RM et al Primary hemiarthroplasty for treatment of proximal humeral fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85-A: 1215-1223
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Lungershausen W, Bach O, Lorenz CO. (locking plate osteosynthesis for fractures of the proximal humerus). Zentralbl Chir 2003; 128: 28-33
    Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Anglen J. Distal humerus fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13: 291-297
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S et al Secular trends in the osteoporotic fractures of the distal humerus in elderly women. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14: 159-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Cobb TK, Morrey BF. Total elbow arthroplasty as primary treatment for distal humeral fractures in elderly patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997; 79: 826-832
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 McKee MD, Veillette CJ, Hall JA et al A multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial of open reduction-internal fixation versus total elbow arthroplasty for displaced intra-articular distal humeral fractures in elderly patients. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2009; 18: 3-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Ilyas AM, Jupiter JB. Treatment of distal humerus fractures. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech 2008; 75: 6-15
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Korner J, Lill H, Muller LP et al Distal humerus fractures in elderly patients: Results after open reduction and internal fixation. Osteoporos Int 2005; 16 (Suppl 2) S73-S79
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Greiner S, Haas NP, Bail HJ. Outcome after open reduction and angular stable internal fixation for supra-intercondylar fractures of the distal humerus: Preliminary results with the lcp distal humerus system. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2008; 128: 723-729
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Aslam N, Willett K. Functional outcome following internal fixation of intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus (ao type c).. Acta Orthop Belg 2004; 70: 118-122
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Tyllianakis M, Panagopoulos A, Papadopoulos AX et al Functional evaluation of comminuted intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus (ao type c). Long term results in twenty-six patients.. Acta Orthop Belg 70: 123-130
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Doornberg JN, van Duijn PJ, Linzel D et al Surgical treatment of intra-articular fractures of the distal part of the humerus. Functional outcome after twelve to thirty years. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 1524-1532
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Huang TL, Chiu FY, Chuang TY et al The results of open reduction and internal fixation in elderly patients with severe fractures of the distal humerus: A critical analysis of the results. J Trauma 2005; 58: 62-69
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 McKee MD, Wilson TL, Winston L et al Functional outcome following surgical treatment of intraarticular distal humeral fractures through a posterior approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82-A: 1701-1707
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Schuster I, Korner J, Arzdorf M et al Mechanical comparison in cadaver specimens of three different 90-degree double-plate osteosyntheses for simulated c2-type distal humerus fractures with varying bone densities. J Orthop Trauma 2008; 22: 113-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Korner J, Diederichs G, Arzdorf M et al A biomechanical evaluation of methods of distal humerus fracture fixation using locking compression plates versus conventional reconstruction plates. J Orthop Trauma 2004; 18: 286-293
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Tejwani NC, Murthy A, Park J et al Fixation of extra-articular distal humerus fractures using one locking plate versus two reconstruction plates: A laboratory study. J Trauma 2009; 66: 795-799
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Ring D, Jupiter JB. Fractures of the distal humerus. Orthop Clin North Am 2000; 31: 103-113
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Jupiter JB, Neff U, Holzach P et al Intercondylar fractures of the humerus. An operative approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985; 67: 226-239
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Helfet DL, Schmeling GJ. Bicondylar intraarticular fractures of the distal humerus in adults. Clin Orthop Re-lat Res 1993; 26-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Schwartz A, Oka R, Odell T et al Biomechanical comparison of two different periarticular plating systems for stabilization of complex distal humerus fractures. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2006; 21: 950-955
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Stoffel K, Cunneen S, Morgan R et al Comparative stability of perpendicular versus parallel doublelocking plating systems in osteoporotic comminuted distal humerus fractures. J Orthop Res 2008; 26: 778-784
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Sanchez-Sotelo J, Torchia ME, O’Driscoll SW. Complex distal humeral fractures: Internal fixation with a principle-based parallel-plate technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 961-969
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Sanchez-Sotelo J, Torchia ME, O’Driscoll SW. Complex distal humeral fractures: Internal fixation with a principle-based parallel-plate technique. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90 (Suppl 2) Pt 1 31-46
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Nork SE, Jones CB, Henley MB. Surgical treatment of olecranon fractures. Am J Orthop 2001; 30: 577-586
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Hak DJ, Golladay GJ. Olecranon fractures: Treatment options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2000; 8: 266-275
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Veillette CJ, Steinmann SP. Olecranon fractures. Orthop Clin North Am 2008; 39: 229-236 vii
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Simpson NS, Goodman LA, Jupiter JB. Contoured lcdc plating of the proximal ulna. Injury 1996; 27: 411-417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Schatzker J, Fractures of the olecranon. in schatzker j, tile m. (eds) The Rationale of Operative Fracture Care. 1987. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; pp 89-95
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Gordon MJ, Budoff JE, Yeh ML et al Comminuted olecranon fractures: A comparison of plating methods. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2006; 15: 94-99
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Anderson ML, Larson AN, Merten SM et al Congruent elbow plate fixation of olecranon fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21: 386-393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Bailey CS, MacDermid J, Patterson SD et al Outcome of plate fixation of olecranon fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2001; 15: 542-548
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Geel CW, Palmer AK. Radial head fractures and their effect on the distal radioulnar joint. A rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1992; 79-84
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Geel CW, Palmer AK, Ruedi T et al Internal fixation of proximal radial head fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1990; 4: 270-274
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Ring D, Quintero J, Jupiter JB. Open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the radial head. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-A: 1811-1815
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Ikeda M, Yamashina Y, Kamimoto M et al Open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted fractures of the radial head using low-profile mini-plates. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003; 85: 1040-1044
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Furry KL, Clinkscales CM. Comminuted fractures of the radial head. Arthroplasty versus internal fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998; 40-52
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 King GJ, Evans DC, Kellam JF. Open reduction and internal fixation of radial head fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1991; 5: 21-28
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Ikeda M, Sugiyama K, Kang C et al Comminuted fractures of the radial head: Comparison of resection and internal fixation. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88 (Suppl 1) Pt 1 11-23
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Burkhart KJ, Mueller LP, Krezdorn D et al Stability of radial head and neck fractures: A biomechanical study of six fixation constructs with consideration of three locking plates. J Hand Surg [Am] 2007; 32: 1569-1575
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Patterson JD, Jones CK, Glisson RR et al Stiffness of simulated radial neck fractures fixed with 4 different devices. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2001; 10: 57-61
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Sledge CB. The dartmouth atlas of musculoskeletal health care. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001; 83: 1129-1130
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 87 Ruch D, 2006. (eds Bucholz Heckman JD, Court-Brown C. Fractures of the distal radius and ulna. In Rockwood and green's fractures in adults . 2006. 6th edn, pp. 909-988
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Trumble TE, Schmitt SR, Vedder NB. Factors affecting functional outcome of displaced intraarticular distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg [Am] 1994; 19: 325-340
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Knirk JL, Jupiter JB. Intra-articular fractures of the distal end of the radius in young adults. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986; 68: 647-659
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Gartland JJJ, Werley CW. Evaluation of healed colles’ fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1951; 33: 895-907
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Smith DW, Henry MH. Volar fixed-angle plating of the distal radius. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2005; 13: 28-36
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Koval KJ, Harrast JJ, Anglen JO et al Fractures of the distal part of the radius. The evolution of practice over time. Where’s the evidence?. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90: 1855-1861
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Capo JT, Kinchelow T, Brooks K et al Biomechanical stability of four fixation constructs for distal radius fractures. Hand (NY) 2009;
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Kandemir U, Matityahu A, Desai R et al Does a volar locking plate provide equivalent stability as a dorsal nonlocking plate in a dorsally comminuted distal radius fracture?: A biomechanical study. J Orthop Trauma 2008; 22: 605-610
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 95 Liporace FA, Gupta S, Jeong GK et al A biomechanical comparison of a dorsal 3.5-mm t-plate and a volar fixed-angle plate in a model of dorsally unstable distal radius fractures. J Orthop Trauma 2005; 19: 187-191
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Willis AA, Kutsumi K, Zobitz ME et al Internal fixation of dorsally displaced fractures of the distal part of the radius. A biomechanical analysis of volar plate fracture stability. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2006; 88: 2411-2417
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Jakubietz RG, Gruenert JG, Kloss DF et al A randomised clinical study comparing palmar and dorsal fixed-angle plates for the internal fixation of ao c-type fractures of the distal radius in the elderly. J Hand Surg Eur 2008; 33: 600-604
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Egol K, Walsh M, Tejwani N et al Bridging external fixation and supplementary kirschner-wire fixation versus volar locked plating for unstable fractures of the distal radius: A randomised, prospective trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008; 90: 1214-1221
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Grewal R, Perey B, Wilmink M et al A randomized prospective study on the treatment of intra-articular distal radius fractures: Open reduction and internal fixation with dorsal plating versus mini open reduction, percutaneous fixation, and external fixation. J Hand Surg [Am] 2005; 30: 764-772
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Leung F, Tu YK, Chew WY et al Comparison of external and percutaneous pin fixation with plate fixation for intra-articular distal radial fractures. A randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008; 90: 16-22
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Handoll HH, Madhok R. Surgical interventions for treating distal radial fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003209 2003;
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Chen NC, Jupiter JB. Management of distal radial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007; 89: 2051-2062
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Orbay JL, Fernandez DL. Volar fixed-angle plate fixation for unstable distal radius fractures in the elderly patient. J Hand Surg [Am] 2004; 29: 96-102
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Drobetz H, Bryant AL, Pokorny T et al Volar fixed-angle plating of distal radius extension fractures: Influence of plate position on secondary loss of reduction -a biomechanic study in a cadaveric model. J Hand Surg [Am] 2006; 31: 615-622
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Musgrave DS, Idler RS. Volar fixation of dorsally displaced distal radius fractures using the 2.4 mm locking compression plates. J Hand Surg [Am] 2005; 30: 743-749
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Wright TW, Horodyski M, Smith DW. Functional outcome of unstable distal radius fractures: Orif with a volar fixed-angle tine plate versus external fixation. J Hand Surg [Am] 2005; 30: 289-299
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Wong TC, Yeung CC, Chiu Y et al Palmar fixation of dorsally displaced distal radius fractures using locking plates with smartlock locking screws. J Hand Surg Eur 2009; 34: 173-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Orbay JL, Fernandez DL. Volar fixation for dorsally displaced fractures of the distal radius: A preliminary report. J Hand Surg [Am] 2002; 27: 205-215
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Dao KD, Venn-Watson E, Shin AY. Radial artery pseudoaneurysm complication from use of ao/asif volar distal radius plate: A case report. J Hand Surg [Am] 2001; 26: 448-453
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Arora R, Lutz M, Hennerbichler A et al Complications following internal fixation of unstable distal radius fracture with a palmar locking-plate. J Orthop Trauma 2007; 21: 316-322
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Benson EC, DeCarvalho A, Mikola EA et al Two potential causes of epl rupture after distal radius volar plate fixation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006; 451: 218-222
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Soong M, Got C, Katarincic J et al Fluoroscopic evaluation of intra-articular screw placement during locked volar plating of the distal radius: A cadaveric study. J Hand Surg [Am] 2008; 33: 1720-1723
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Young CF, Nanu AM, Checketts RG. Seven-year outcome following colles’ type distal radial fracture. A comparison of two treatment methods. J Hand Surg [Br] 2003; 28: 422-426
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Kreder HJ, Agel J, McKee MD et al A randomized, controlled trial of distal radius fractures with metaphyseal displacement but without joint incongruity: Closed reduction and casting versus closed reduction, spanning external fixation, and optional percutaneous k-wires. J Orthop Trauma 2006; 20: 115-121
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Kreder HJ, Hanel DP, Agel J et al Indirect reduction and percutaneous fixation versus open reduction and internal fixation for displaced intra-articular fractures of the distal radius: A randomised, controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2005; 87: 829-836
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Kaempffe FA, Walker KM. External fixation for distal radius fractures: Effect of distraction on outcome. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000; 220-225
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Kaempffe FA, Wheeler DR, Peimer CA et al Severe fractures of the distal radius: Effect of amount and duration of external fixator distraction on outcome. J Hand Surg [Am] 1993; 18: 33-41
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Axelrod TS, McMurtry RY. Open reduction and internal fixation of comminuted, intraarticular fractures of the distal radius. J Hand Surg [Am] 1990; 15: 1-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Kambouroglou GK, Axelrod TS. Complications of the ao/asif titanium distal radius plate system (pi plate) in internal fixation of the distal radius: A brief report. J Hand Surg [Am] 1998; 23: 737-741
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Chiang PP, Roach S, Baratz ME. Failure of a reti-nacular flap to prevent dorsal wrist pain after titanium pi plate fixation of distal radius fractures. J Hand Surg [Am] 2002; 27: 724-728
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Osada D, Kamei S, Masuzaki K et al Prospective study of distal radius fractures treated with a volar locking plate system. J Hand Surg [Am] 2008; 33: 691-700
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Wong KK, Chan KW, Kwok TK et al Volar fixation of dorsally displaced distal radial fracture using locking compression plate. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2005; 13: 153-157
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Jupiter JB, Marent-Huber M. Operative management of distal radial fractures with 2.4-millimeter locking plates. A multicenter prospective case series. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91: 55-65
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar