Download PDF
Bae, Yoon-Soo Cindy et al.: 2023 Procedural Dermatology: Postresidency and Fellowship Compendium, Volume 2 DOI: 10.1055/b-0043-196745

7 Pigmented Lesion Removal

More Information

Book

Editors: Bae, Yoon-Soo Cindy; Ciocon, David H.

Authors: Bae, Gee Young; Bernstein, Leonard J.; Boker, Andreas; Borash, Jordan; Bosley, Rawn; Brauer, Jeremy A.; Brown, Wilfred; Callaghan, Daniel; Chesnut, Cameron; Christman, Mitalee P.; Criscito, Maressa C.; Ebersole, Trina G.; Emer, Jason; Fabi, Sabrina Guillen; Fazzalari, Amanda; Friedman, Adam; Friedmann, Daniel P.; Geronemus, Roy G.; Goldberg, David J.; Gordon, Samantha; Graber, Emmy M.; Hazan, Ezra; Kent, Rhett A.; Khorasani, Hooman; Lederhandler, Margo H.; Lee, Austin; Li, Monica K.; Lin, Richard L.; Lipp, Michael B.; MacGregor, Jennifer L.; Mann, Margaret; Mehrabi, Joseph N.; Mishra, Vineet; Moak, Teri N.; Morton, Laurel M.; Murgia, Robert D.; Murphy, Emily C.; Paul, Benjamin Curman; Robinson, Deanne Mraz; Rokhsar, Cameron; Saedi, Nazanin; Scott, Jeffrey F.; Shridharani, Sachin M.; Soon, Seaver L.; Steele, Robert Blake; Steuer, Alexa B.; Tamashunas, Nina Lucia; Tan, Andrea; Tisch, Grace M.; Wang, Jordan V.; Weiss, Robert; Yeh, Lindsey; Zumwalt, Michael

Title: Procedural Dermatology: Postresidency and Fellowship Compendium, Volume 2

Print ISBN: 9783132424074; Online ISBN: 9783132437142; Book DOI: 10.1055/b000000254

1. Edition © 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Stuttgart,

Subjects: Dermatology;Allergology

Thieme Clinical Collections (English Language)



 
Monica K. Li

Summary

Laser and light-based technologies are one of many modalities for treating both congenital and acquired pigmented lesions. This chapter focuses on and presents updated, evidence-based practices and clinical pearls using laser and light-based interventions safely and effectively for various benign epidermal, dermal and mixed pigmentary dermatoses. Strategies on patient selection, technique, and discussion of pre- and postprocedure care to optimize treatment outcomes are discussed. Key considerations in treating benign pigmented lesions in skin of color are summarized. Pearls and pitfalls using laser and light-based treatments are reviewed to support the clinician in managing patient expectations and results.

Key words

benign pigmented lesions - pigmentation - laser - melasma - ephelides - postinflammatory hyperpigmentation - melanin
 
  • 1 Shah S, Alster TS. Laser treatment of dark skin: an updated review.. Am J Clin Dermatol 2010; 11 (6) 389-397 PubMed (PMID: 20866114)
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Anderson RR, Parrish JA. Selective photothermolysis: precise microsurgery by selective absorption of pulsed radiation.. Science 1983; 220 (4596) 524-527 PubMed (PMID: 6836297)
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Roberts WE, Henry M, Burgess C, Saedi N, Chilukuri S, Campbell-Chambers DA. Laser treatment of skin of color for medical and aesthetic uses with a new 650-microsecond Nd:YAG 1064 nm laser.. J Drugs Dermatol 2019; 18 (4) s135-s137 PubMed (PMID: 31017752)
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Burgess C, Chilukuri S, Campbell-Chambers DA, Henry M, Saedi N, Roberts WE. Practical applications for medical and aesthetic treatment of skin of color with a new 650-microsecond laser.. J Drugs Dermatol 2019; 18 (4) s138-s143 PubMed (PMID: 31026130)
    Google Scholar
  • 5 Tse Y, Levine VJ, McClain SA, Ashinoff R. The removal of cutaneous pigmented lesions with the Q-switched ruby laser and the Q-switched neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser. A comparative study.. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20 (12) 795-800 PubMed (PMID: 7798410)
    Google Scholar
  • 6 Polder KD, Landau JM, Vergilis-Kalner IJ, Goldberg LH, Friedman PM, Bruce S. Laser eradication of pigmented lesions: a review.. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (5) 572-595 PubMed (PMID: 21492309)
    Google Scholar
  • 7 Anderson RR, Margolis RJ, Watenabe S, Flotte T, Hruza GJ, Dover JS. Selective photothermolysis of cutaneous pigmentation by Q-switched Nd: YAG laser pulses at 1064, 532, and 355 nm.. J Invest Dermatol 1989; 93 (1) 28-32 PubMed (PMID: 2746004)
    Google Scholar
  • 8 Ross V, Naseef G, Lin G et al. Comparison of responses of tattoos to picosecond and nanosecond Q-switched neodymium: YAG lasers.. Arch Dermatol 1998; 134 (2) 167-171 PubMed (PMID: 9487208)
    Google Scholar
  • 9 Levin MK, Ng E, Bae Y-SC, Brauer JA, Geronemus RG. Treatment of pigmentary disorders in patients with skin of color with a novel 755 nm picosecond, Q-switched ruby, and Q-switched Nd:YAG nanosecond lasers: a retrospective photographic review.. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48 (2) 181-187 PubMed (PMID: 26922302)
    Google Scholar
  • 10 Alegre-Sanchez A, Jiménez-Gómez N, Moreno-Arrones ÓM et al. Treatment of flat and elevated pigmented disorders with a 755-nm alexandrite picosecond laser: clinical and histological evaluation.. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33 (8) 1827-1831 PubMed (PMID: 29423841)
    Google Scholar
  • 11 Jo DJ, Kang I-H, Baek JH, Gwak MJ, Lee SJ, Shin MK. Using reflectance confocal microscopy to observe in vivo melanolysis after treatment with the picosecond alexandrite laser and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in melasma.. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 7: 1-7 PubMed (PMID: 30351494)
    Google Scholar
  • 12 Kung K-Y, Shek SYN, Yeung CK, Chan HHL. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the dual wavelength picosecond laser for the treatment of benign pigmented lesions in Asians.. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51 (1) 14-22 PubMed (PMID: 30357871)
    Google Scholar
  • 13 Negishi K, Akita H, Matsunaga Y. Prospective study of removing solar lentigines in Asians using a novel dual-wavelength and dual-pulse width picosecond laser.. Lasers Surg Med 2018; 50 (8) 851-858 PubMed (PMID: 29608215)
    Google Scholar
  • 14 Saedi N, Metelitsa A, Petrell K, Arndt KA, Dover JS. Treatment of tattoos with a picosecond alexandrite laser: a prospective trial.. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148 (12) 1360-1363 PubMed (PMID: 22986470)
    Google Scholar
  • 15 Trivedi MK, Yang FC, Cho BK. A review of laser and light therapy in melasma.. Int J Womens Dermatol 2017; 3 (1) 11-20 PubMed (PMID: 28492049)
    Google Scholar
  • 16 Lee MC, Lin YF, Hu S et al. A split-face study: comparison of picosecond alexandrite laser and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of melasma in Asians.. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33 (8) 1733-1738 PubMed (PMID: 29732522)
    Google Scholar
  • 17 Sarkar R, Arora P, Garg KV. Cosmeceuticals for hyperpigmentation: what is available?. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2013; 6 (1) 4-11 PubMed (PMID: 23723597)
    Google Scholar
  • 18 Kato H, Araki J, Eto H et al. A prospective randomized controlled study of oral tranexamic acid for preventing postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after Q-switched ruby laser.. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (5) 605-610 PubMed (PMID: 21457392)
    Google Scholar
  • 19 Rutnin S, Pruettivorawongse D, Thadanipon K, Vachiramon V. A prospective randomized controlled study of oral tranexamic acid for the prevention of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after Q-switched 532-nm Nd:YAG laser for solar lentigines.. Lasers Surg Med 2019; 51 (10) 850-858 PubMed (PMID: 31302943)
    Google Scholar
  • 20 Chan HH, Alam M, Kono T, Dover JS. Clinical application of lasers in Asians.. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28 (7) 556-563 PubMed (PMID: 12135505)
    Google Scholar
  • 21 Chan H. The use of lasers and intense pulsed light sources for the treatment of acquired pigmentary lesions in Asians.. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2003; 5 (3–4) 198-200 PubMed (PMID: 14741828)
    Google Scholar
  • 22 Kawada A, Shiraishi H, Asai M et al. Clinical improvement of solar lentigines and ephelides with an intense pulsed light source.. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28 (6) 504-508 PubMed (PMID: 12081680)
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Chan HH, Fung WK, Ying SY, Kono T. An in vivo trial comparing the use of different types of 532 nm Nd:YAG lasers in the treatment of facial lentigines in Oriental patients.. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26 (8) 743-749 PubMed (PMID: 10940060)
    Google Scholar
  • 24 Ho SGY, Chan NPY, Yeung CK, Shek SY, Kono T, Chan HHL. A retrospective analysis of the management of freckles and lentigines using four different pigment lasers on Asian skin.. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2012; 14 (2) 74-80 PubMed (PMID: 22372516)
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Vachiramon V, Panmanee W, Techapichetvanich T, Chanprapaph K. Comparison of Q-switched Nd: YAG laser and fractional carbon dioxide laser for the treatment of solar lentigines in Asians.. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48 (4) 354-359 PubMed (PMID: 27096729)
    Google Scholar
  • 26 Chan JC, Shek SY, Kono T, Yeung CK, Chan HH. A retrospective analysis on the management of pigmented lesions using a picosecond 755-nm alexandrite laser in Asians.. Lasers Surg Med 2016; 48 (1) 23-29 PubMed (PMID: 26696500)
    Google Scholar
  • 27 Vachiramon V, Iamsumang W, Triyangkulsri K. Q-switched double frequency Nd:YAG 532-nm nanosecond laser vs. double frequency Nd:YAG 532-nm picosecond laser for the treatment of solar lentigines in Asians.. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33 (9) 1941-1947 PubMed (PMID: 29948457)
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Wang C-C, Chen C-K. Effect of spot size and fluence on Q-switched alexandrite laser treatment for pigmentation in Asians: a randomized, double-blinded, split-face comparative trial.. J Dermatolog Treat 2012; 23 (5) 333-338 PubMed (PMID: 21756151)
    Google Scholar
  • 29 Yang Y, Peng L, Ge Y, Lin T. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a picosecond alexandrite laser and a Q-switched alexandrite laser for the treatment of freckles in Chinese patients.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79 (6) 1155-1156 PubMed (PMID: 30092321)
    Google Scholar
  • 30 Somyos K, Boonchu K, Somsak K, Panadda L, Leopairut J. Copper vapour laser treatment of café-au-lait macules.. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135 (6) 964-968 PubMed (PMID: 8977720)
    Google Scholar
  • 31 Kilmer SL, Wheeland RG, Goldberg DJ, Anderson RR. Treatment of epidermal pigmented lesions with the frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. A controlled, single-impact, dose-response, multicenter trial.. Arch Dermatol 1994; 130 (12) 1515-1519 PubMed (PMID: 7986124)
    Google Scholar
  • 32 Kagami S, Asahina A, Watanabe R et al. Treatment of 153 Japanese patients with Q-switched alexandrite laser.. Lasers Med Sci 2007; 22 (3) 159-163 PubMed (PMID: 17225059)
    Google Scholar
  • 33 Alster TS, Williams CM. Café-au-lait macule in type V skin: successful treatment with a 510 nm pulsed dye laser.. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995; 33 (6) 1042-1043 PubMed (PMID: 7490350)
    Google Scholar
  • 34 Alora MB, Arndt KA. Treatment of a café-au-lait macule with the erbium:YAG laser.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 45 (4) 566-568 PubMed (PMID: 11568748)
    Google Scholar
  • 35 Alster TS. Complete elimination of large café-au-lait birthmarks by the 510-nm pulsed dye laser.. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 96 (7) 1660-1664 PubMed (PMID: 7480286)
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Kim HR, Ha JM, Park MS et al. A low-fluence 1064-nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser for the treatment of café-au-lait macules.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73 (3) 477-483 PubMed (PMID: 26169691)
    Google Scholar
  • 37 Chan HHL, Kono T. The use of lasers and intense pulsed light sources for the treatment of pigmentary lesions.. Skin Therapy Lett 2004; 9 (8) 5-7 PubMed (PMID: 15550991)
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Artzi O, Mehrabi JN, Koren A, Niv R, Lapidoth M, Levi A. Picosecond 532-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser-a novel and promising modality for the treatment of café-au-lait macules.. Lasers Med Sci 2018; 33 (4) 693-697 PubMed (PMID: 29098459)
    Google Scholar
  • 39 Schweiger ES, Kwasniak L, Aires DJ. Treatment of dermatosis papulosa nigra with a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser: report of two cases.. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2008; 10 (2) 120-122 PubMed (PMID: 18569266)
    Google Scholar
  • 40 Katz TM, Goldberg LH, Friedman PM. Dermatosis papulosa nigra treatment with fractional photothermolysis.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (11) 1840-1843 PubMed (PMID: 19796255)
    Google Scholar
  • 41 Kundu RV, Joshi SS, Suh KY et al. Comparison of electrodesiccation and potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser for treatment of dermatosis papulosa nigra.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (7) 1079-1083 PubMed (PMID: 19469798)
    Google Scholar
  • 42 Fitzpatrick RE, Goldman MP, Ruiz-Esparza J. Clinical advantage of the CO₂ laser superpulsed mode. Treatment of verruca vulgaris, seborrheic keratoses, lentigines, and actinic cheilitis.. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994; 20 (7) 449-456 PubMed (PMID: 8034839)
    Google Scholar
  • 43 Culbertson GR. 532-nm diode laser treatment of seborrheic keratoses with color enhancement.. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34 (4) 525-528, discussion 528 PubMed (PMID: 18248487)
    Google Scholar
  • 44 Mehrabi D, Brodell RT. Use of the alexandrite laser for treatment of seborrheic keratoses.. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28 (5) 437-439 PubMed (PMID: 12030881)
    Google Scholar
  • 45 Minni K, Poojary S. Efficacy and safety of oral tranexamic acid as an adjuvant in Indian patients with melasma: a prospective, interventional, single-centre, triple-blind, randomized, placebo-control, parallel group study.. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34 (11) 2636-2644 PubMed (PMID: 32567734)
    Google Scholar
  • 46 Wu S, Shi H, Wu H et al. Treatment of melasma with oral administration of tranexamic acid.. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012; 36 (4) 964-970 PubMed (PMID: 22552446)
    Google Scholar
  • 47 Shin JU, Park J, Oh SH, Lee JH. Oral tranexamic acid enhances the efficacy of low-fluence 1064-nm quality-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser treatment for melasma in Koreans: a randomized, prospective trial.. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (3, Pt 1) 435-442 PubMed (PMID: 23278870)
    Google Scholar
  • 48 Yoshimura K, Sato K, Aiba-Kojima E et al. Repeated treatment protocols for melasma and acquired dermal melanocytosis.. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32 (3) 365-371 PubMed (PMID: 16640680)
    Google Scholar
  • 49 Suh KS, Sung JY, Roh HJ, Jeon YS, Kim YC, Kim ST. Efficacy of the 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in melasma.. J Dermatolog Treat 2011; 22 (4) 233-238 PubMed (PMID: 20443754)
    Google Scholar
  • 50 Cho SB, Kim JS, Kim MJ. Melasma treatment in Korean women using a 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low pulse energy.. Clin Exp Dermatol 2009; 34 (8) e847-e850 PubMed (PMID: 19817757)
    Google Scholar
  • 51 Angsuwarangsee S, Polnikorn N. Combined ultrapulse CO₂ laser and Q-switched alexandrite laser compared with Q-switched alexandrite laser alone for refractory melasma: split-face design.. Dermatol Surg 2003; 29 (1) 59-64 PubMed (PMID: 12534514)
    Google Scholar
  • 52 Nouri K, Bowes L, Chartier T, Romagosa R, Spencer J. Combination treatment of melasma with pulsed CO₂ laser followed by Q-switched alexandrite laser: a pilot study.. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25 (6) 494-497 PubMed (PMID: 10469101)
    Google Scholar
  • 53 Manaloto RMP, Alster T. Erbium:YAG laser resurfacing for refractory melasma.. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25 (2) 121-123 PubMed (PMID: 10037517)
    Google Scholar
  • 54 Wanitphakdeedecha R, Manuskiatti W, Siriphukpong S, Chen TM. Treatment of melasma using variable square pulse Er:YAG laser resurfacing.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (3) 475-481, discussion 481–482 PubMed (PMID: 19250309)
    Google Scholar
  • 55 Figueiredo Souza L, Trancoso Souza S. Single-session intense pulsed light combined with stable fixed-dose triple combination topical therapy for the treatment of refractory melasma.. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2012; 25 (5) 477-480 PubMed (PMID: 23046029)
    Google Scholar
  • 56 Li YH, Chen JZS, Wei HC et al. Efficacy and safety of intense pulsed light in treatment of melasma in Chinese patients.. Dermatol Surg 2008; 34 (5) 693-700, discussion 700–701 PubMed (PMID: 18318729)
    Google Scholar
  • 57 Wang CC, Hui CY, Sue YM, Wong WR, Hong HS. Intense pulsed light for the treatment of refractory melasma in Asian persons.. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30 (9) 1196-1200 PubMed (PMID: 15355358)
    Google Scholar
  • 58 Goldman MP, Gold MH, Palm MD et al. Sequential treatment with triple combination cream and intense pulsed light is more efficacious than sequential treatment with an inactive (control) cream and intense pulsed light in patients with moderate to severe melasma.. Dermatol Surg 2011; 37 (2) 224-233 PubMed (PMID: 21269349)
    Google Scholar
  • 59 Lee HS, Won CH, Lee DH et al. Treatment of melasma in Asian skin using a fractional 1,550-nm laser: an open clinical study.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (10) 1499-1504 PubMed (PMID: 19674038)
    Google Scholar
  • 60 Rokhsar CK, Fitzpatrick RE. The treatment of melasma with fractional photothermolysis: a pilot study.. Dermatol Surg 2005; 31 (12) 1645-1650 PubMed (PMID: 16336881)
    Google Scholar
  • 61 Katz TM, Glaich AS, Goldberg LH, Firoz BF, Dai T, Friedman PM. Treatment of melasma using fractional photothermolysis: a report of eight cases with long-term follow-up.. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36 (8) 1273-1280 PubMed (PMID: 20666816)
    Google Scholar
  • 62 Lee HM, Haw S, Kim JK, Chang SE, Lee MW. Split-face study using a 1,927-nm thulium fiber fractional laser to treat photoaging and melasma in Asian skin.. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39 (6) 879-888 PubMed (PMID: 23465065)
    Google Scholar
  • 63 Niwa Massaki ABM, Eimpunth S, Fabi SG, Guiha I, Groff W, Fitzpatrick R. Treatment of melasma with the 1,927-nm fractional thulium fiber laser: a retrospective analysis of 20 cases with long-term follow-up.. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45 (2) 95-101 PubMed (PMID: 23255085)
    Google Scholar
  • 64 Polder KD, Bruce S. Treatment of melasma using a novel 1,927-nm fractional thulium fiber laser: a pilot study.. Dermatol Surg 2012; 38 (2) 199-206 PubMed (PMID: 22093448)
    Google Scholar
  • 65 Tourlaki A, Galimberti MG, Pellacani G, Bencini PL. Combination of fractional erbium-glass laser and topical therapy in melasma resistant to triple-combination cream.. J Dermatolog Treat 2014; 25 (3) 218-222 PubMed (PMID: 22385073)
    Google Scholar
  • 66 Kroon MW, Wind BS, Beek JF et al. Nonablative 1550-nm fractional laser therapy versus triple topical therapy for the treatment of melasma: a randomized controlled pilot study.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 64 (3) 516-523 PubMed (PMID: 21255869)
    Google Scholar
  • 67 Sherling M, Friedman PM, Adrian R et al. Consensus recommendations on the use of an erbium-doped 1,550-nm fractionated laser and its applications in dermatologic laser surgery.. Dermatol Surg 2010; 36 (4) 461-469 PubMed (PMID: 20187898)
    Google Scholar
  • 68 Kaushik SB, Alexis AF. Nonablative fractional laser resurfacing in skin of color: evidence-based review.. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2017; 10 (6) 51-67 PubMed (PMID: 28979657)
    Google Scholar
  • 69 Choi YJ, Nam JH, Kim JY et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel picosecond laser using combination of 1064 and 595 nm on patients with melasma: a prospective, randomized, multicenter, split-face, 2% hydroquinone cream-controlled clinical trial.. Lasers Surg Med 2017; 49 (10) 899-907 PubMed (PMID: 28906574)
    Google Scholar
  • 70 Chalermchai T, Rummaneethorn P. Effects of a fractional picosecond 1,064 nm laser for the treatment of dermal and mixed type melasma.. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2018; 20 (3) 134-139 PubMed (PMID: 29020467)
    Google Scholar
  • 71 Shimbashi T, Hyakusoku H, Okinaga M. Treatment of nevus of Ota by Q-switched ruby laser.. Aesthetic Plast Surg 1997; 21 (2) 118-121 PubMed (PMID: 9143428)
    Google Scholar
  • 72 Kono T, Chan HHL, Erçöçen AR et al. Use of Q-switched ruby laser in the treatment of nevus of Ota in different age groups.. Lasers Surg Med 2003; 32 (5) 391-395 PubMed (PMID: 12766962)
    Google Scholar
  • 73 Geronemus RG. Q-switched ruby laser therapy of nevus of Ota.. Arch Dermatol 1992; 128 (12) 1618-1622 PubMed (PMID: 1456756)
    Google Scholar
  • 74 Chan HH, Leung RSC, Ying SY et al. A retrospective analysis of complications in the treatment of nevus of Ota with the Q-switched alexandrite and Q-switched Nd:YAG lasers.. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26 (11) 1000-1006 PubMed (PMID: 11096383)
    Google Scholar
  • 75 Alster TS, Williams CM. Treatment of nevus of Ota by the Q-switched alexandrite laser.. Dermatol Surg 1995; 21 (7) 592-596 PubMed (PMID: 7606368)
    Google Scholar
  • 76 Kono T, Nozaki M, Chan HH, Mikashima Y. A retrospective study looking at the long-term complications of Q-switched ruby laser in the treatment of nevus of Ota.. Lasers Surg Med 2001; 29 (2) 156-159 PubMed (PMID: 11553904)
    Google Scholar
  • 77 Chesnut C, Diehl J, Lask G. Treatment of nevus of Ota with a picosecond 755-nm alexandrite laser.. Dermatol Surg 2015; 41 (4) 508-510 PubMed (PMID: 25760558)
    Google Scholar
  • 78 Ohshiro T, Ohshiro T, Sasaki K, Kishi K. Picosecond pulse duration laser treatment for dermal melanocytosis in Asians: a retrospective review.. Laser Ther 2016; 25 (2) 99-104 PubMed (PMID: 27721561)
    Google Scholar
  • 79 Ge Y, Yang Y, Guo L et al. Comparison of a picosecond alexandrite laser versus a Q-switched alexandrite laser for the treatment of nevus of Ota: a randomized, split-lesion, controlled trial.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 83 (2) 397-403 PubMed (PMID: 30885760)
    Google Scholar
  • 80 Ee HL, Goh CL, Khoo LSW, Chan ESY, Ang P. Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori’s nevus) with a combination of the 532 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser followed by the 1,064 nm Q-switched Nd:YAG is more effective: prospective study.. Dermatol Surg 2006; 32 (1) 34-40 PubMed (PMID: 16393596)
    Google Scholar
  • 81 Cho SB, Park SJ, Kim MJ, Bu TS. Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori’s nevus) using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence.. Int J Dermatol 2009; 48 (12) 1308-1312 PubMed (PMID: 20415671)
    Google Scholar
  • 82 Manuskiatti W, Sivayathorn A, Leelaudomlipi P, Fitzpatrick RE. Treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules (Hori’s nevus) using a combination of scanned carbon dioxide laser followed by Q-switched ruby laser.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48 (4) 584-591 PubMed (PMID: 12664023)
    Google Scholar
  • 83 Polnikorn N, Tanrattanakorn S, Goldberg DJ. Treatment of Hori’s nevus with the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.. Dermatol Surg 2000; 26 (5) 477-480 PubMed (PMID: 10816238)
    Google Scholar
  • 84 Lam AY, Wong DS, Lam LK, Ho WS, Chan HH. A retrospective study on the efficacy and complications of Q-switched alexandrite laser in the treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules.. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27 (11) 937-941, discussion 941–942 PubMed (PMID: 11737127)
    Google Scholar
  • 85 Wong THS. Picosecond laser treatment for acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules.. JAMA Dermatol 2018; 154 (10) 1226-1228 PubMed (PMID: 30208473)
    Google Scholar
  • 86 Yu W, Zhu J, Yu W, Lyu D, Lin X, Zhang Z. A split-face, single-blinded, randomized controlled comparison of alexandrite 755-nm picosecond laser versus alexandrite 755-nm nanosecond laser in the treatment of acquired bilateral nevus of Ota-like macules.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2018; 79 (3) 479-486 PubMed (PMID: 29288102)
    Google Scholar
  • 87 Glaich AS, Goldberg LH, Dai T, Kunishige JH, Friedman PM. Fractional resurfacing: a new therapeutic modality for Becker’s nevus.. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143 (12) 1488-1490 PubMed (PMID: 18086996)
    Google Scholar
  • 88 Choi JE, Kim JW, Seo SH, Son SW, Ahn HH, Kye YC. Treatment of Becker’s nevi with a long-pulse alexandrite laser.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (7) 1105-1108 PubMed (PMID: 19438687)
    Google Scholar
  • 89 Trelles MA, Allones I, Moreno-Arias GA, Vélez M. Becker’s naevus: a comparative study between erbium: YAG and Q-switched neodymium:YAG; clinical and histopathological findings.. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152 (2) 308-313 PubMed (PMID: 15727644)
    Google Scholar
  • 90 Nanni CA, Alster TS. Treatment of a Becker’s nevus using a 694-nm long-pulsed ruby laser.. Dermatol Surg 1998; 24 (9) 1032-1034 PubMed (PMID: 9754093)
    Google Scholar
  • 91 Katz TM, Goldberg LH, Firoz BF, Friedman PM. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (11) 1844-1848 PubMed (PMID: 19682001)
    Google Scholar
  • 92 Rokhsar CK, Ciocon DH. Fractional photothermolysis for the treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation after carbon dioxide laser resurfacing.. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35 (3) 535-537 PubMed (PMID: 19250297)
    Google Scholar
  • 93 Cho SB, Park SJ, Kim JS, Kim MJ, Bu TS. Treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation using 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with low fluence: report of three cases.. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23 (10) 1206-1207 PubMed (PMID: 19453798)
    Google Scholar
  • 94 Bae YC, Rettig S, Weiss E, Bernstein L, Geronemus R. Treatment of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients with darker skin types using a low energy 1,927 nm non-ablative fractional laser: a retrospective photographic review analysis.. Lasers Surg Med 2020; 52 (1) 7-12 PubMed (PMID: 31663147)
    Google Scholar
  • 95 Lee YJ, Shin HJ, Noh TK, Choi KH, Chang SE. Treatment of melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation by a picosecond 755-nm alexandrite laser in Asian patients.. Ann Dermatol 2017; 29 (6) 779-781 PubMed (PMID: 29200769)
    Google Scholar
  • 96 Burns RL, Prevost-Blank PL, Lawry MA, Lawry TB, Faria DT, Fivenson DP. Glycolic acid peels for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation in black patients.. Dermatol Surg 1997; 23 (3) 171-175 PubMed (PMID: 9145958)
    Google Scholar
  • 97 Bulengo-Ransby SM, Griffiths CE, Kimbrough-Green CK et al. Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) therapy for hyperpigmented lesions caused by inflammation of the skin in black patients.. N Engl J Med 1993; 328 (20) 1438-1443 PubMed (PMID: 8479462)
    Google Scholar
  • 98 Taylor SC, Burgess CM, Callender VD et al. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation: evolving combination treatment strategies.. Cutis 2006; 78 (2) (Suppl. Suppl 2) 6-19 PubMed (PMID: 16977792)
    Google Scholar
  • 99 Brauer JA, Alabdulrazzaq H, Yoon-Soo Bae C, Geronemus RG. LLLT fractional 1927 nm for facial skin resurfacing (JDD, 2015).pdf.. J Drugs Dermatol 2015; 14 (11) 1262-1267 (PMID: NOT_FOUND;INVALID_JOURNAL)
    Google Scholar
  • 100 Taraz M, Niknam S, Ehsani AH. Tranexamic acid in treatment of melasma: a comprehensive review of clinical studies.. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017; 30 (3) 1-8 PubMed (PMID: 28133910)
    Google Scholar
  • 101 Sharma R, Mahajan VK, Mehta KS, Chauhan PS, Rawat R, Shiny TN. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of oral tranexamic acid and that of tranexamic acid local infiltration with microinjections in patients with melasma: a comparative study.. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42 (7) 728-734 PubMed (PMID: 28649780)
    Google Scholar
  • 102 Sirithanabadeekul P, Srieakpanit R. Intradermal tranexamic acid injections to prevent post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation after solar lentigo removal with a Q-switched 532-nm Nd:YAG laser.. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2018; 20 (7–8) 398-404 PubMed (PMID: 29505310)
    Google Scholar
  • 103 Alster TS, Gupta SN. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation treated with a 755-nm Q-switched alexandrite laser.. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30 (9) 1201-1204 PubMed (PMID: 15355359)
    Google Scholar
  • 104 Nisar MS, Iyer K, Brodell RT, Lloyd JR, Shin TM, Ahmad A. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation: comparison of 3 Q-switched lasers to reverse its effects.. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2013; 6 (2) 159-162 PubMed (PMID: 23754872)
    Google Scholar
  • 105 Green D, Friedman KJ. Treatment of minocycline-induced cutaneous pigmentation with the Q-switched Alexandrite laser and a review of the literature.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44 (2) (Suppl. Suppl) 342-347 PubMed (PMID: 11174411)
    Google Scholar
  • 106 Greve B, Schönermark MP, Raulin C. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation: treatment with the Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.. Lasers Surg Med 1998; 22 (4) 223-227 PubMed (PMID: 9603284)
    Google Scholar
  • 107 Friedman IS, Shelton RM, Phelps RG. Minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation of the tongue: successful treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser.. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28 (3) 205-209 PubMed (PMID: 11896769)
    Google Scholar
  • 108 Sasaki K, Ohshiro T, Ohshiro T et al. Type 2 minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation successfully treated with the novel 755 nm picosecond alexandrite laser: a case report.. Laser Ther 2017; 26 (2) 137-144 PubMed (PMID: 28785134)
    Google Scholar
  • 109 Barrett T, de Zwaan S. Picosecond alexandrite laser is superior to Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in treatment of minocycline-induced hyperpigmentation: a case study and review of the literature.. J Cosmet Laser Ther 2018; 20 (7–8) 387-390 PubMed (PMID: 29400580)
    Google Scholar
  • 110 Waldman A, Bolotin D, Arndt KA et al. ASDS guidelines task force: consensus recommendations regarding the safety of lasers, dermabrasion, chemical peels, energy devices, and skin surgery during and after isotretinoin use.. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 (10) 1249-1262 PubMed (PMID: 28498204)
    Google Scholar
  • 111 Spring LK, Krakowski AC, Alam M et al. Isotretinoin and timing of procedural interventions: a systematic review with consensus recommendations.. JAMA Dermatol 2017; 153 (8) 802-809 PubMed (PMID: 28658462)
    Google Scholar
  • 112 Prather HB, Alam M, Poon E, Arndt KA, Dover JS. Laser safety in isotretinoin use: a survey of expert opinion and practice.. Dermatol Surg 2017; 43 (3) 357-363 PubMed (PMID: 28005622)
    Google Scholar
  • 114 Larnier C, Ortonne JP, Venot A et al. Evaluation of cutaneous photodamage using a photographic scale.. Br J Dermatol 1994; 130 (2) 167-173 PubMed (PMID: 8123569)
    Google Scholar
  • 115 Negishi K, Akita H, Tanaka S, Yokoyama Y, Wakamatsu S, Matsunaga K. Comparative study of treatment efficacy and the incidence of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation with different degrees of irradiation using two different quality-switched lasers for removing solar lentigines on Asian skin.. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 27 (3) 307-312 PubMed (PMID: 22181827)
    Google Scholar
  • 116 Goldman MP. The use of hydroquinone with facial laser resurfacing.. J Cutan Laser Ther 2000; 2 (2) 73-77 PubMed (PMID: 11360320)
    Google Scholar
  • 117 Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S, Katsambas A. Hyperpigmentation and melasma.. J Cosmet Dermatol 2007; 6 (3) 195-202 PubMed (PMID: 17760699)
    Google Scholar
  • 118 West TB, Alster TS. Effect of pretreatment on the incidence of hyperpigmentation following cutaneous CO₂ laser resurfacing.. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25 (1) 15-17 PubMed (PMID: 9935086)
    Google Scholar
  • 119 Kaidbey KH, Agin PP, Sayre RM, Kligman AM. Photoprotection by melanin: a comparison of black and Caucasian skin.. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979; 1 (3) 249-260 PubMed (PMID: 512075)
    Google Scholar
  • 120 Chung JH, Lee SH, Youn CS et al. Cutaneous photodamage in Koreans: influence of sex, sun exposure, smoking, and skin color.. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137 (8) 1043-1051 PubMed (PMID: 11493097)
    Google Scholar
  • 1 Peltzer K, Pengpid S, James C. The globalization of whitening: prevalence of skin lighteners (or bleachers) use and its social correlates among university students in 26 countries.. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55 (2) 165-172 PubMed (PMID: 26472662)
    Google Scholar
  • 2 Hamed SH, Tayyem R, Nimer N, Alkhatib HS. Skin-lightening practice among women living in Jordan: prevalence, determinants, and user’s awareness.. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49 (4) 414-420 PubMed (PMID: 20465697)
    Google Scholar
  • 3 Taylor A, Pawaskar M, Taylor SL, Balkrishnan R, Feldman SR. Prevalence of pigmentary disorders and their impact on quality of life: a prospective cohort study.. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008; 7 (3) 164-168 PubMed (PMID: 18789050)
    Google Scholar
  • 4 Ladizinski B, Mistry N, Kundu RV. Widespread use of toxic skin lightening compounds: medical and psychosocial aspects.. Dermatol Clin 2011; 29 (1) 111-123 PubMed (PMID: 21095535)
    Google Scholar