J Am Acad Audiol 2017; 28(03): 232-247
DOI: 10.3766/jaaa.15123
Tutorial
Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.

Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery

Kristin Uhler
*   University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
,
Andrea Warner-Czyz
†   The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX
,
Rene Gifford
‡   Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
,
PMSTB Working Group
§   A complete list of the PMSTB Working Group members appears on page 245.
› Author Affiliations
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
26 June 2020 (online)

Abstract

Background:

Assessment of patient outcomes and documentation of treatment efficacy serves as an essential component of (re)habilitative audiology; however, no standardized protocol exists for the assessment of speech perception abilities for children with hearing loss. This presents a significant challenge in tracking performance of children who utilize various hearing technologies for within-subjects assessment, between-subjects assessment, and even across different facilities.

Purpose:

The adoption and adherence to a standardized assessment protocol could help facilitate continuity of care, assist in clinical decision making, allow clinicians and researchers to define benchmarks for an aggregate clinical population, and in time, aid with patient counseling regarding expectations and predictions regarding longitudinal outcomes.

Design:

The Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery (PMSTB) working group—comprised of clinicians, scientists, and industry representatives—commenced in 2012 and has worked collaboratively to construct the first PMSTB, which is described here.

Conclusions:

Implementation of the PMSTB in clinical practice and dissemination of associated data are both critical for achieving the next level of success for children with hearing loss and for elevating pediatric hearing health care ensuring evidence-based practice for (re)habilitative audiology.

Supplementary Material

 
  • REFERENCES

  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2011 Technology assessment: effectiveness of cochlear implants in adults with sensorineural hearing loss. Contract no. 290 2007 10055 1). https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coverage/DeterminationProcess/downloads/id80TA.pdf Accessed August 1, 2016
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 2014 Methods guide for comparative effectiveness comparative reviews. Publication no. 10(14)-EHC063-EF. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/ehc/products/60/318/CER-Methods-Guide-140109.pdf Accessed August 1, 2016
  • Akhtar N, Jipson J, Callanan MA. 2001; Learning words through overhearing. Child Dev 72 (02) 416-430
  • Ambrose SE, Berry LMU, Walker EA, Harrison M, Oleson J, Moeller MP. 2014; Speech sound production in 2-year-olds who are hard of hearing. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 23: 91-104
  • Baudhuin J, Cadieux J, Firszt JB, Reeder RM, Maxson JL. 2012; Optimization of programming parameters in children with the advanced bionics cochlear implant. J Am Acad Audiol 23 (05) 302-312
  • Bench J, Kowal A, Bamford J. 1979; The BKB (Bamford-Kowal-Bench) sentence lists for partially-hearing children. Br J Audiol 13 (03) 108-112
  • Bess FH, Sinclair JS, Riggs DE. 1984; Group amplification in schools for the hearing impaired. Ear Hear 5 (03) 138-144
  • Beyea JA, McMullen KP, Harris MS, Houston DM, Martin JM., Bolster VA, Adunka OF, Moberly AC. 2016; Cochlear implants in adults: effects of age and duration of deafness on speech recognition. Otol Neurotol 37 (09) 1238-1245
  • Boothroyd A. 1995. Speech perception tests and hearing impaired children. In: Plant G, Spens KE. Profound Deafness and Speech Communication. London, UK: Whurr;
  • Boothroyd A, Geers AE, Moog JS. 1991; Practical implications of cochlear implants in children. Ear Hear 12 (04) (Suppl) 81S-89S
  • Brand Y, Senn P, Kompis M, Dillier N, Allum JH. 2014; Cochlear implantation in children and adults in Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly 144: w13909
  • Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2004 The CMS approved coverage with evidence development (CED) study protocol CAG-00107N, CMS. . https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/details/nca-decision-memo.aspx?NCAId=134&NcaName=Cochlear+Implantation&NCDId=245&ncdver=2&IsPopup=y&bc=AAAAAAAAIAAA& December 21, 2016.
  • Ching TYC, Leigh G, Dillon H. 2013; Introduction to the longitudinal outcomes of children with hearing impairment (LOCHI) study: background, design, sample characteristics. Int J Audiol 52 (2, Suppl) S4-S9
  • Clark W, Govett S. 1995. School-related noise exposure in children . Paper presented at the Association for Research in in Otolaryngology Mid-Winter Meeting; St. Petersburg, FL:
  • Coninx F, Weichbold V, Tsiakpini L. et al. 2009; Validation of the LittlEARS((R)) Auditory Questionnaire in children with normal hearing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 73 (12) 1761-1768
  • Crandell C, Smaldino J. 1995; An update of classroom acoustics for children with hearing impairment. Volta Review 1: 4-12
  • Crukley J, Scollie S, Parsa V. 2011; An exploration of non-quiet listening at school. J Ed Audiol 17: 23-35
  • Davidson LS. 2006; Effects of stimulus level on the speech perception abilities of children using cochlear implants or digital hearing aids. Am J Audiol 15 (02) 141-153
  • Davidson LS, Skinner MW, Holstad BA, Fears BT, Richter MK, Matusofsky M, Brenner C, Holden T, Birath A, Kettel JL, Scollie S. 2009; The effect of instantaneous input dynamic range setting on the speech perception of children with the nucleus 24 implant. Ear Hear 30 (03) 340-349
  • Desai S, Stickney G, Zeng FG. 2008; Auditory-visual speech perception in normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners. J Acoust Soc Am 123 (01) 428-440
  • Dorman MF, Cook S, Spahr A, Zhang T, Loiselle L, Schramm D, Whittingham J, Gifford R.. 2015; Factors constraining the benefit to speech understanding of combining information from low-frequency hearing and a cochlear implant. Hear Res 322: 107-111
  • Dorman M, Spahr A, Gifford RH, Cook S, Zhang T, Loiselle L, Whittingham J, Schramm D.. 2012; Bilateral and bimodal benefit as a function of age for adults. J Hear Sci 2 (04) 37-39
  • Dwyer RT, Spahr T, Agrawal S, Hetlinger C, Holder JT, Gifford RH. 2016; Participant-generated cochlear implant programs: speech recognition, sound quality, and satisfaction. Otol Neurotol 37 (07) e209-e216
  • Eilers RE, Wilson WR, Moore JM. 1977; Developmental changes in speech discrimination in infants. J Acoust Soc Am 20: 766-780
  • Eisenberg LS, Johnson KC, Martinez AS, Cokely CG, Tobey EA, Quittner AL, Fink NE, Wang NY, Niparko JK. CDaCI Investigative Team (2006) Speech recognition at 1-year follow-up in the childhood development after cochlear implantation study: methods and preliminary findings. Audiol Neurootol 11 (04) 259-268
  • Eisenberg LS, Martinez AS, Boothroyd A. 2003; Auditory-visual and auditory-only perception of phonetic contrasts in children. Volta Review 103: 327-346
  • Eisenberg LS, Boothroyd A, Martinez AS. 2004. Cochlear Implants International Congress Series. The perception of phonetic contrasts in infants: development of the VRASPAC. Vol. 1273, pp. 364-367 Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier;
  • Eshraghi AA, Nazarian R, Telischi FF, Martinez D, Hodges A, Velandia S, Cejas-Cruz I, Balkany TJ, Lo K, Lang D. 2015; Cochlear implantation in children with autism spectrum disorder. Otol Neurotol 36 (08) e121-e128
  • Etymōtic Research, Inc 2005 BKB-SIN test. Speech-in-Noise Test Version 1.03, 2005. 61 Martin Lane, Elk Grove Village, IL. www.etymotic.com/auditory-research/speech-in-noise-tests/bkb-sin.html Accessed December 21, 2016.
  • Eze N, Ofo E, Jiang D, O’Connor AF. 2013; Systematic review of cochlear implantation in children with developmental disability. Otol Neurotol 34 (08) 1385-1393
  • Fenson L, Marchman VA, Thal DJ, Dale PS, Reznick JS, Bates E. 2007. MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories: User’s Guide and Technical Manual. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Brookes Publishing;
  • Finitzo-Hieber T (1988) Classroom acoustics. In: Roeser R. Auditory Disorders in School Children. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Thieme-Stratton; 221-223
  • Fink NE, Wang NY, Visaya J, Niparko JK, Quittner A, Eisenberg LS, Tobey EA. CDACI Investigative Team (2007) Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation (CDaCI) study: design and baseline characteristics. Cochlear Implants Int 8 (02) 92-116
  • Firszt JB, Holden LK, Skinner MW, Tobey EA, Peterson A, Gaggl W, Runge-Samuelson CL, Wackym PA. 2004; Recognition of speech presented at soft to loud levels by adult cochlear implant recipients of three cochlear implant systems. Ear Hear 25 (04) 375-387
  • Fulcher A, Purcell AA, Baker E, Munro N. 2012; Listen up: children with early identified hearing loss achieve age-appropriate speech/language outcomes by 3 years-of-age. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 76 (12) 1785-1794
  • Ganger J, Brent MR. 2004; Reexamining the vocabulary spurt. Dev Psychol 40 (04) 621-632
  • Geers AE, Davidson LS, Uchanski RM, Nicholas JG. 2013; Interdependence of linguistic and indexical speech perception skills in school-age children with early cochlear implantation. Ear Hear 34 (05) 562-574
  • Gifford RH, Dorman MF, Sheffield SW, Teece K, Olund AP. 2014; Availability of binaural cues for bilateral implant recipients and bimodal listeners with and without preserved hearing in the implanted ear. Audiol Neurootol 19 (01) 57-71
  • Gifford RH, Olund AP, Dejong M. 2011; Improving speech perception in noise for children with cochlear implants. J Am Acad Audiol 22 (09) 623-632
  • Gifford RH, Shallop JK, Peterson AM. 2008; Speech recognition materials and ceiling effects: considerations for cochlear implant programs. Audiol Neurootol 13 (03) 193-205
  • Govaerts PJ, Daemers K, Yperman M, De Beukelaer C, De Saegher G, De Ceulaer G. 2006; Auditory speech sounds evaluation (A(section)E): a new test to assess detection, discrimination and identification in hearing impairment. Cochlear Implants Int 7 (02) 92-106
  • Govaerts PJ, Vaerenberg B, De Ceulaer G, Daemers K, De Beukelaer C, Schauwers K. 2010; Development of a software tool using deterministic logic for the optimization of cochlear implant processor programming. Otol Neurotol 31 (06) 908-918
  • Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. 2009; Research electronic data capture (REDCap)—a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform 42 (02) 377-381
  • Hart TR, Risley B. 1995. Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing;
  • Hayes H, Geers AE, Treiman R, Moog JS. 2009; Receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants: achievement in an intensive auditory-oral educational setting. Ear Hear 30 (01) 128-135
  • Hillock-Dunn A, Buss E, Duncan N, Roush PA, Leibold LJ. 2014; Effects of nonlinear frequency compression on speech identification in children with hearing loss. Ear Hear 35 (03) 353-365
  • Hillock-Dunn A, Taylor C, Buss E, Leibold LJ. 2015; Assessing speech perception in children with hearing loss: what conventional clinical tools may miss. Ear Hear 36 (02) e57-e60
  • Holte L, Walker E, Oleson J, Spratford M, Moeller MP, Roush P, Ou H, Tomblin JB. 2012; Factors influencing follow-up to newborn hearing screening for infants who are hard of hearing. Am J Audiol 21 (02) 163-174
  • Huttenlocher J, Vasilyeva M, Cymerman E, Levine S. 2002; Language input and child syntax. Cognit Psychol 45 (03) 337-374
  • Inscoe JR, Bones C. 2016; Additional difficulties associated with aetiologies of deafness: outcomes from a parent questionnaire of 540 children using cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants Int 17 (01) 21-30
  • Jerger S, Jerger J, Abrams S. 1983; Speech audiometry in the young child. Ear Hear 4 (01) 56-66
  • Kashinath S, Woods J, Goldstein H. 2006; Enhancing generalized teaching strategy use in daily routines by parents of children with autism. J Speech Lang Hear Res 49 (03) 466-485
  • Kent RD, Osberger MJ, Netsell R, Hustedde CG. 1987; Phonetic development in identical twins differing in auditory function. J Speech Hear Disord 52 (01) 64-75
  • Kirk KI, French B, Choi S. 2009. Assessing spoken word recognition in children with cochlear implants. In: Eisenberg LS. Clinical Management of Children with Cochlear Implants. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishers;
  • Kirk KI, Pisoni DB, Osberger MJ. 1995; Lexical effects on spoken word recognition by pediatric cochlear implant users. Ear Hear 16 (05) 470-481
  • Kirk KI, Pisoni DB, Sommers MS, Young M, Evanson C. 1995; New directions for assessing speech perception in persons with sensory aids. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 166: 300-303
  • Koch DB, Quick A, Osberger MJ, Saoji A, Litvak L. 2014; Enhanced hearing in noise for cochlear implant recipients: clinical trial results for a commercially available speech-enhancement strategy. Otol Neurotol 35 (05) 803-809
  • Koehlinger KM, Van Horne AJO, Moeller MP. 2013; Grammatical outcomes of 3- and 6-year-old children who are hard of hearing. J Speech Lang Hear Res 56 (05) 1701-1714
  • Kuehn-Inacken H, Weichboldt V, Tsiakpini L, Coninx F, D’Haese P. (2003) LittlEARS Auditory questionnaire: parents questionnaire to assess auditory behaviour. Innsbruck, Austria: MedEl.
  • Landry SH, Smith KE, Swank PR, Miller-Loncar CL. 2000; Early maternal and child influences on children’s later independent cognitive and social functioning. Child Dev 71 (02) 358-375
  • Law J, Rush R, Schoon I, Parsons S. 2009; Modeling developmental language difficulties from school entry into adulthood: literacy, mental health, and employment outcomes. J Speech Lang Hear Res 52 (06) 1401-1416
  • Leibold LJ, Hillock-Dunn A, Duncan N, Roush PA, Buss E. 2013; Influence of hearing loss on children’s identification of spondee words in a speech-shaped noise or a two-talker masker. Ear Hear 34 (05) 575-584
  • Olsen WO. 1998; Average speech levels and spectra in various speaking/listening conditions: a summary of the Pearson, Bennett, and Fidell (1977) report. Am J Audiol 7 (02) 21-25
  • Mahmoud AF, Ruckenstein MJ. 2014; Speech perception performance as a function of age at implantation among postlingually deaf adult cochlear implant recipients. Otol Neurotol 35 (10) e286-e291
  • Martinez A, Eisenberg L, Boothroyd A, Visser-Dumont L. 2008; Assessing speech pattern contrast perception in infants: Early results on VRASPAC. Otol Neuroto 29: 183-188
  • Massa ST, Ruckenstein MJ. 2014; Comparing the performance plateau in adult cochlear implant patients using HINT and AzBio. Otol Neurotol 35 (04) 598-604
  • Mayne A, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL. 2000; Receptive vocabulary development of infants and toddlers who are deaf or hard of hearing. Volta Review 100: 29-52
  • Mayne AM, Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Carey A. 2000; Expressive vocabulary development of infants and toddlers who are deaf or hard of hearing. Volta Review 100: 1-28
  • McCreery RW, Alexander J, Brennan MA, Hoover B, Kopun J, Stelmachowicz PG. 2014; The influence of audibility on speech recognition with nonlinear frequency compression for children and adults with hearing loss. Ear Hear 35 (04) 440-447
  • McCreery RW, Walker EA, Spratford M, Oleson J, Bentler R, Holte L, Roush P. 2015; Speech recognition and parent ratings From auditory development questionnaires in children who are hard of hearing. Ear Hear 36 (1, Suppl) 60S-75S
  • McGuckian M, Henry A. 2007; The grammatical morpheme deficit in moderate hearing impairment. Int J Lang Commun Disord 42 (1, Suppl) 17-36
  • McMurray B. 2007; Defusing the childhood vocabulary explosion. Science 317 (5838) 631
  • Meinzen-Derr J, Wiley S, Creighton J, Choo D. 2007; Auditory Skills Checklist: clinical tool for monitoring functional auditory skill development in young children with cochlear implants. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 116 (11) 812-818
  • Minimum-Speech-Test-Battery (MSTB) 2011 The new minimum speech test battery. . http://www.auditorypotential.com/MSTB_Nav.html Accessed December 21, 2016
  • Moeller MP, Hoover B, Putman C, Arbataitis K, Bohnenkamp G, Peterson B, Lewis D, Estee S, Pittman A, Stelmachowicz P. 2007; Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: part I—phonetic development. Ear Hear 28 (05) 605-627
  • Moeller MP, Hoover B, Putman C, Arbataitis K, Bohnenkamp G, Peterson B, Wood S, Lewis D, Pittman A, Stelmachowicz P. 2007; Vocalizations of infants with hearing loss compared with infants with normal hearing: part II—transition to words. Ear Hear 28 (05) 628-642
  • Moog J, Geers A. 1990. Early Speech Perception Test. St. Louis, MO: Central Institute for the Deaf;
  • Moore J, Thompson G, Thompson M. 1975; Auditory localization of infants as a function of reinforcement conditions. J Speech Lang Hear Dis 40: 29-34
  • Niparko JK, Tobey EA, Thal DJ, Eisenberg LS, Wang NY, Quittner AL, Fink NE. CDaCI Investigative Team (2010) Spoken language development in children following cochlear implantation. JAMA 303 (15) 498-506
  • Nober L, Nober E. 1975; Auditory discrimination of learning disabled children in quiet and classroom noise. J Learn Disabil 8: 656-659
  • Nozza RJ. 1987; Infant speech-sound discrimination testing: Effects of stimulus intensity and procedural model on measures of performance. J Acoust Soc Am 81: 1928-1939
  • Olds C, Pollonini L, Abaya H, Larky J, Loy M, Bortfeld H, Beauchamp MS, Oghalai JS. 2016; Cortical activation patterns correlate with speech understanding after cochlear implantation. Ear Hear 37 (03) e160-e172
  • Oller DK, Eilers RE. 1988; The role of audition in infant babbling. Child Dev 59 (02) 441-449
  • Osberger MJ, Miyamoto RT, Zimmerman-Phillips S, Kemink JL, Stroer BS, Firszt JB, Novak MA. 1991; Independent evaluation of the speech perception abilities of children with the Nucleus 22-channel cochlear implant system. Ear Hear 12 (04) (Suppl) 66S-80S
  • Pearsons K, Bennett R, Fidell S. 1977. Speech Levels in Various Environments. Washington, DC: Office of Health and Ecological Effects, Office of Research and Development, US EPA:
  • Pediatric Minimum Speech Test Battery Working Group (PMSTB) 2013 Meeting minutes, project updates and file cabinets. . https://sites.google.com/site/pediatricmstbworkinggroup/home Accessed December 21, 2016
  • Peterson GE, Lehiste I. 1962; Revised CNC lists for auditory tests. J Speech Hear Disord 27: 62-70
  • Rakszawski B, Wright R, Cadieux JH, Davidson LS, Brenner C. 2016; The effects of preprocessing strategies for pediatric cochlear implant recipients. J Am Acad Audiol 27 (02) 85-102
  • Robbins AM, Kirk KI. 1996; Speech perception assessment and performance in pediatric cochlear implant users. Semin Hear 17: 353-369
  • Robinson EJ, Davidson LS, Uchanski RM, Brenner CM, Geers AE. 2012; A longitudinal study of speech perception skills and device characteristics of adolescent cochlear implant users. J Am Acad Audiol 23 (05) 341-349
  • Roeser R, Clark J. 2008; Live voice speech recognition audiometry: stop the madness. Audiol Today 20: 32-33
  • Roland Jr JT, Gantz BJ, Waltzman SB, Parkinson AJ. Multicenter Clinical Trial Group (2016) United States multicenter clinical trial of the cochlear nucleus hybrid implant system. Laryngoscope 126 (01) 175-181
  • Runge CL, Henion K, Tarima S, Beiter A, Zwolan TA. 2016; Clinical outcomes of the Cochlear™ Nucleus(®) 5 Cochlear Implant System and SmartSound™ 2 Signal Processing. J Am Acad Audiol 27 (06) 425-440
  • Sanders DA. 1965; Noise conditions in normal school classrooms. Except Child 31: 344-353
  • Sarant JZ, Holt CM, Dowell RC, Rickards FW, Blamey PJ. 2009; Spoken language development in oral preschool children with permanent childhood deafness. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 14 (02) 205-217
  • Schafer EC. 2010; Speech perception in noise measures for children: a critical review and case studies. J. Ed Audiol 16: 4-15
  • Sheffield SW, Haynes DS, Wanna GB, Labadie RF, Gifford RH. 2015; Availability of binaural cues for pediatric bilateral cochlear implant recipients. J Am Acad Audiol 26 (03) 289-298
  • Skinner MW, Holden LK, Holden TA, Demorest ME. 1999; Comparison of two methods for selecting minimum stimulation levels used in programming the Nucleus 22 cochlear implant. J Speech Lang Hear Res 42 (04) 814-828
  • Smeds K, Wolters F, Rung M. 2015; Estimation of signal-to-noise ratio in realistic sound scenarios. J Am Acad Audiol 26 (02) 183-196
  • Spahr AJ, Dorman MF, Litvak LM, Cook SJ, Loiselle LM, DeJong MD, Hedley-Williams A, Sunderhaus LS, Hayes CA, Gifford RH. 2014; Development and validation of the pediatric AzBio sentence lists. Ear Hear 35 (04) 418-422
  • Spahr AJ, Dorman MF, Loiselle LH. 2007; Performance of patients using different cochlear implant systems: effects of input dynamic range. Ear Hear 28 (02) 260-275
  • Stelmachowicz P, Lewis D, Hoover B, Nishi K, McCreery R, Woods W. 2010; Effects of digital noise reduction on speech perception for children with hearing loss. Ear Hear 31 (03) 345-355
  • Stelmachowicz PG, Pittman AL, Hoover BM, Lewis DE. 2002; Aided perception of /s/ and /z/ by hearing-impaired children. Ear Hear 23 (04) 316-324
  • Stoel-Gammon C, Otomo K. 1986; Babbling development of hearing-impaired and normally hearing subjects. J Speech Hear Disord 51 (01) 33-41
  • Suskind D, Leffel KR, Hernandez MW, Sapolich SG, Suskind E, Kirkham E, Meehan P. 2013; An exploratory study of “quantitative linguistic feedback”: effect of LENA feedback on adult language production. Comm Disord Q 34 (04) 199-209
  • Tobey EA, Geers AE, Brenner C, Altuna D, Gabbert G. 2003; Factors associated with development of speech production skills in children implanted by age five. Ear Hear 24 (01) (Suppl) 36S-45S
  • Tobey EA, Geers AE, Sundarrajan M, Shin S. 2011; Factors influencing speech production in elementary and high school-aged cochlear implant users. Ear Hear 32 (01) (Suppl) 27S-38S
  • Tobey EA, Thal D, Niparko JK, Eisenberg LS, Quittner AL, Wang NY. CDaCI Investigative Team (2013) Influence of implantation age on school-age language performance in pediatric cochlear implant users. Int J Audiol 52 (04) 219-229
  • Tomblin JB, Oleson JJ, Ambrose SE, Walker E, Moeller MP. 2014; The influence of hearing aids on the speech and language development of children with hearing loss. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 140 (05) 403-409
  • Tomblin JB, Spencer L, Flock S, Tyler R, Gantz B. 1999; A comparison of language achievement in children with cochlear implants and children using hearing aids. J Speech Lang Hear Res 42 (02) 497-509
  • Tomblin JB, Walker EA, McCreery RW, Arenas RM, Harrison M, Moeller MP. 2015; Outcomes of children with hearing loss: data collection and methods. Ear Hear 36 (1, Suppl 1) 14S-23S
  • Tyler RS, Berliner KI, Demorest ME, Hirshorn MS, Luxford WM, Mangham CA. 1986; Clinical objectives and research design issues for cochlear implants in children. Semin Hear 7: 433-440
  • Tyler RS, Davis JM, Lansing CR. 1987; Cochlear implants in young children. ASHA 29 (04) 41-49
  • Uhler K. 2014 Relationship between speech perception and language. Ultimate Colorado Midwinter Meeting, Vail, CO, February 2014
  • Uhler KM, Baca R, Dudas E, Fredrickson T. 2015; Refining stimulus parameters in assessing infant speech perception using visual reinforcement infant speech discrimination: sensation level. J Am Acad Audiol 26 (10) 807-814
  • Uhler K, Biever A, Gifford RH. 2016; Method of speech stimulus presentation impacts pediatric speech recognition: monitored live voice versus recorded speech. Otol Neurotol 37 (02) e70-e74
  • Uhler K, Burns S, Dalpes M, Yoshinaga-Itano C (2011) An auditory spoken language matrix for differential diagnosis of Spanish-speaking children who are deaf or hard of hearing. ASHA Spec Interes Group 1418:71–78. doi: 10.1044/cds18.3.71
  • Uhler K, Gifford RH. 2014; Current trends in pediatric cochlear implant candidate selection and postoperative follow-up. Am J Audiol 23 (03) 309-325
  • Waltzman S, Cohen NL, Spivak L, Ying E, Brackett D, Shapiro W, Hoffman R. 1990; Improvement in speech perception and production abilities in children using a multichannel cochlear implant. Laryngoscope 100 (03) 240-243
  • Wang NY, Eisenberg LS, Johnson KC, Fink NE, Tobey EA, Quittner AL, Niparko JK. CDaCI Investigative Team (2008) Tracking development of speech recognition: longitudinal data from hierarchical assessments in the Childhood Development after Cochlear Implantation Study. Otol Neurotol 29 (02) 240-245
  • Warner-Czyz AD, Davis BL. 2008; The emergence of segmental accuracy in young cochlear implant recipients. Cochlear Implants Int 9 (03) 143-166
  • Warner-Czyz AD, Davis BL, MacNeilage PF. 2010; Accuracy of consonant-vowel syllables in young cochlear implant recipients and hearing children in the single-word period. J Speech Lang Hear Res 53 (01) 2-17
  • Wolfe J, Neumann S, Marsh M, Schafer E, Lianos L, Gilden J, O’Neill L, Arkis P, Menapace C, Nel E, Jones M. 2015; Benefits of adaptive signal processing in a commercially available cochlear implant sound processor. Otol Neurotol 36 (07) 1181-1190
  • Yoshinaga-Itano C, Baca RL, Sedey AL. 2010; Describing the trajectory of language development in the presence of severe-to-profound hearing loss: a closer look at children with cochlear implants versus hearing aids. Otol Neurotol 31 (08) 1268-1274
  • Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey AL, Coulter DK, Mehl AL. 1998; Language of early- and later-identified children with hearing loss. Pediatrics 102 (05) 1161-1171
  • Yoshinaga-Itano C, Sedey A. 2000; Early speech development in children who are deaf or hard of hearing: interrelationships with language and hearing. Volta Review 100: 181-211