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Thromb Haemost 2014; 111(04): 610-617
DOI: 10.1160/TH13-11-0967
DOI: 10.1160/TH13-11-0967
Theme Issue Article
Activated protein C based therapeutic strategies in chronic diseases
Fabian Bock
1
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Magdeburg, Germany
2
Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 410, Heidelberg, Germany
,
Khurrum Shahzad
1
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Magdeburg, Germany
3
University of Health Sciences, Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
,
Nathalie Vergnolle
4
Université Paul Sabatier, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1043, Toulouse, France
,
Berend Isermann
1
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Magdeburg, Germany
› Author Affiliations
Further Information
Publication History
Received:
21 November 2013
Accepted after major revision:
07 March 2014
Publication Date:
29 November 2017 (online)
Summary
Activated protein C (aPC) is a natural anticoagulant and a potent antiinflammatory and cytoprotective agent. At the expense of increased bleeding risk aPC has been used – with some success – in sepsis. The design of cytoprotective-selective aPC variants circumvents this limitation of increased bleeding, reviving the interest in aPC as a therapeutic agent. Emerging studies suggest that aPC’s beneficial effects are not restricted to acute illness, but likewise relevant in chronic diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, neurodegeneration or wound healing. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression, reduction of oxidative stress, and regulation of ROS-dependent transcription factors are potential mechanisms of sustained cytoprotective effects of aPC in chronic diseases. Given the available data it seems questionable whether a unifying mechanism of aPC dependent cytoprotection in acute and chronic diseases exists. In addition, the signalling pathways employed by aPC are tissue and cell specific. The mechanistic insights gained from studies exploring aPC’s effects in various diseases may hence lay ground for tissue and disease specific therapeutic approaches. This review outlines recent investigations into the mechanisms and consequences of long-term modulation of aPC-signalling in models of chronic diseases.
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