Subscribe to RSS
Please copy the URL and add it into your RSS Feed Reader.
https://www.thieme-connect.de/rss/thieme/en/10.1055-s-00000094.xml
Z Gastroenterol 2023; 61(09): 1246-1301
DOI: 10.1055/a-2124-5333
DOI: 10.1055/a-2124-5333
Leitlinie
Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie „Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS)
Juni 2023 – AWMF-Registernummer: 021/014Schlüsselwörter
Endoskopie - Analgetika - Sedativa - Adjuvantien - Anästhesie - Monitoring - Überwachung* Die zwei Autor*innen haben in gleicher Weise zur Erstellung des Manuskripts beigetragen.
Publication History
Received: 29 June 2023
Accepted: 06 July 2023
Article published online:
07 September 2023
© 2023. Thieme. All rights reserved.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany
-
Literatur
- 1 OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group = Jeremy Howick ICJLL, Paul Glasziou, Trish Greenhalgh, Carl Heneghan, Alessandro Liberati, Ivan Moschetti, Bob Phillips, Hazel Thornton, Olive Goddard and Mary Hodgkinson. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. “The Oxford Levels of Evidence 2”. 2011
- 2 Probert CSJ, Jayanthi V, Quinn J. et al. Information Requirements and Sedation Preferences of Patients Undergoing Endoscopy of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. Endoscopy 1991; 23: 218-219
- 3 Parker S, Zipursky J, Ma H. et al. A Web-based Multimedia Program Before Colonoscopy Increased Knowledge and Decreased Anxiety, Sedation Requirement, and Procedure Time. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52: 519-523
- 4 Lauriola M, Tomai M, Palma R. et al. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Anxiety-Related Dispositions Predict Pain During Upper Endoscopy. Front Psychol 2019; 10: 1112
- 5 Rex DK, Imperiale TF, Portish V. Patients willing to try colonoscopy without sedation: associated clinical factors and results of a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 554-559
- 6 Eckardt VF, Kanzler G, Schmitt T. et al. Complications and adverse effects of colonoscopy with selective sedation. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 1999; 49: 560-565
- 7 Yörük G, Aksöz K, Unsal B. et al. Colonoscopy without sedation. The Turkish journal of gastroenterology: the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology 2003; 14: 59-63
- 8 Early DS, Saifuddin T, Johnson JC. et al. Patient attitudes toward undergoing colonoscopy without sedation. The American journal of gastroenterology 1999; 94: 1862-1865
- 9 Radaelli F, Meucci G, Sgroi G. et al. Technical performance of colonoscopy: the key role of sedation/analgesia and other quality indicators. The American journal of gastroenterology 2008; 103: 1122-1130
- 10 Crispin A, Birkner B, Munte A. et al. Process quality and incidence of acute complications in a series of more than 230,000 outpatient colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 1018-1025
- 11 Daneshmend TK, Bell GD, Logan RF. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey. Gut 1991; 32: 12-15
- 12 Froehlich F, Gonvers JJ, Fried M. Conscious sedation, clinically relevant complications and monitoring of endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland. Endoscopy 1994; 26: 231-234
- 13 Riphaus A, Rabofski M, Wehrmann T. Endoscopic sedation and monitoring practice in Germany: results from the first nationwide survey. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2010; 48: 392-397
- 14 Riphaus A, Geist F, Wehrmann T. Endoscopic sedation and monitoring practice in Germany: re-evaluation from the first nationwide survey 3 years after the implementation of an evidence and consent based national guideline. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2013; 51: 1082-1088
- 15 Cohen LB, Wecsler JS, Gaetano JN. et al. Endoscopic sedation in the United States: results from a nationwide survey. The American journal of gastroenterology 2006; 101: 967-974
- 16 Thompson DG, Lennard-Jones JE, Evans SJ. et al. Patients appreciate premedication for endoscopy. Lancet (London, England) 1980; 2: 469-470
- 17 Dillon M, Brown S, Casey W. et al. Colonoscopy under general anesthesia in children. Pediatrics 1998; 102: 381-383
- 18 Xue M, Tian J, Zhang J. et al. No increased risk of perforation during colonoscopy in patients undergoing propofol versus traditional sedation: A meta-analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2018; 37: 86-91
- 19 Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A. et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003; 289: 2983-2991
- 20 Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004-1017
- 21 Cohen LB, Delegge MH, Aisenberg J. et al. AGA Institute review of endoscopic sedation. Gastroenterology 2007; 133: 675-701
- 22 McCain JD, Stancampiano FF, Bouras EP. et al. Creation of a score to predict risk of high conscious sedation requirements in patients undergoing endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 595-605.e3
- 23 Leslie K, Allen ML, Hessian EC. et al. Safety of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy in a group of university-affiliated hospitals: a prospective cohort study. Br J Anaesth 2017; 118: 90-99
- 24 Laffin AE, Kendale SM, Huncke TK. Severity and duration of hypoxemia during outpatient endoscopy in obese patients: a retrospective cohort study. Can J Anaesth 2020; 67: 1182-1189
- 25 Khoi C-S, Wong J-J, Wang H-C. et al. Age correlates with hypotension during propofol-based anesthesia for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica 2015; 53: 131-134
- 26 Kim SY, Moon CM, Kim MH. et al. Impacts of age and sedation on cardiocerebrovascular adverse events after diagnostic GI endoscopy: a nationwide population-based study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2020; 92: 591-602.e16
- 27 Kollmann CM, Schmiegel W, Brechmann T. Gastrointestinal endoscopy under sedation is associated with pneumonia in older inpatients-results of a retrospective case-control study. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6: 382-390
- 28 Lieber SR, Heller BJ, Howard CW. et al. Complications Associated with Anesthesia Services in Endoscopic Procedures Among Patients with Cirrhosis. Hepatology 2020;
- 29 Jirapinyo P, Kumar N, Thompson CC. Patients With Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Require Increased Sedation During Upper Endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13: 1432-1436
- 30 Doyle DJ, Goyal A, Bansal P. et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists Classification. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022
- 31 Waring JP, Baron TH, Hirota WK. et al. Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2003; 58: 317-322
- 32 SGNA position statement. Statement on the use of sedation and analgesia in the gastrointestinal endoscopy setting. Gastroenterology nursing: the official journal of the Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates 2004; 27: 142-144
- 33 Dumonceau J-M, Riphaus A, Schreiber F. et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates Guideline – Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1175-1189
- 34 Behrens A, Ell C, Studiengruppe A-P. Sicherheit der Sedierung der Gastroskopie und Koloskopie bei Niedrigrisikopatienten – Retrospektive Subgruppenanalyse der Ergebnisse einer Registerstudie von über 170000 Endoskopien. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 2016; 54: 733-739
- 35 Borgaonkar MR, Pace D, Lougheed M. et al. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Indicators of Safety Compromise following Colonoscopy in Clinical Practice. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 2016: 2729871
- 36 Daza JF, Tan CM, Fielding RJ. et al. Propofol administration by endoscopists versus anesthesiologists in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of patient safety outcomes. Can J Surg 2018; 61: 226-236
- 37 Liou S-C, Hsu C-M, Chen C. et al. Assessment of the Berlin Questionnaire for evaluation of hypoxemia risk in subjects undergoing deep sedation for screening gastrointestinal endoscopy. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 2018; 14: 1331-1336
- 38 Andrade CM, Patel B, Gill J. et al. Safety of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy With Conscious Sedation in Patients With and Without Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: 198-201
- 39 Mudambi L, Spiegelman A, Geron D. et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Is Not Associated with Higher Health Care Use after Colonoscopy under Conscious Sedation. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13: 419-424
- 40 Smith ZL, Mullady DK, Lang GD. et al. A randomized controlled trial evaluating general endotracheal anesthesia versus monitored anesthesia care and the incidence of sedation-related adverse events during ERCP in high-risk patients. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 89: 855-862
- 41 Buxbaum J, Roth N, Motamedi N. et al. Anesthetist-Directed Sedation Favors Success of Advanced Endoscopic Procedures. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 290-296
- 42 Yurtlu DA, Aslan F, Ayvat P. et al. Propofol-Based Sedation Versus General Anesthesia for Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3680
- 43 van de Ven S, Leliveld L, Klimek M. et al. Propofol sedation without endotracheal intubation is safe for endoscopic submucosal dissection in the esophagus and stomach. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7: 405-411
- 44 Nonaka S, Kawaguchi Y, Oda I. et al. Safety and effectiveness of propofol-based monitored anesthesia care without intubation during endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric and esophageal cancers. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 665-673
- 45 Koch DG, Arguedas MR, Fallon MB. Risk of aspiration pneumonia in suspected variceal hemorrhage: the value of prophylactic endotracheal intubation prior to endoscopy. Digestive diseases and sciences 2007; 52: 2225-2228
- 46 Rudolph SJ, Landsverk BK, Freeman ML. Endotracheal intubation for airway protection during endoscopy for severe upper GI hemorrhage. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2003; 57: 58-61
- 47 Bielawska B, Hookey LC, Sutradhar R. et al. Anesthesia Assistance in Outpatient Colonoscopy and Risk of Aspiration Pneumonia, Bowel Perforation, and Splenic Injury. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 77-85.e3
- 48 Shmygalev S, Heller AR. Perioperative visual loss after nonocular surgery. Der Anaesthesist 2011; 60: 683-694
- 49 Müller-Vahl H. Positioning injuries to peripheral nerves – Pathogenesis, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and medicolegal aspects. Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin 51: 664-678
- 50 Porostocky P, Chiba N, Colacino P. et al. A survey of sedation practices for colonoscopy in Canada. Can J Gastroenterol 2011; 25: 255-260
- 51 Fanti L, Agostoni M, Gemma M. et al. Sedation and monitoring for gastrointestinal endoscopy: A nationwide web survey in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 726-730
- 52 Baudet JS, Borque P, Borja E. et al. Use of sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a nationwide survey in Spain. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 21: 882-888
- 53 Protopapas A. Endoscopic sedation practices of Greek gastroenterologists: a nationwide survey. Annals of Gastroenterology 2020;
- 54 Bell GD. Preparation, Premedication, and Surveillance. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 23-31
- 55 Subramanian S, Liangpunsakul S, Rex DK. Preprocedure patient values regarding sedation for colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 39: 516-519
- 56 Abraham N, Barkun A, Larocque M. et al. Predicting which patients can undergo upper endoscopy comfortably without conscious sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 180-189
- 57 Hedenbro JL, Ekelund M, Aberg T. et al. Oral sedation for diagnostic upper endoscopy. Endoscopy 1991; 23: 8-10
- 58 Kinoshita Y, Ishido S, Nishiyama K. et al. Arterial oxygen saturation, blood pressure, and pulse rate during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy – influence of sedation and age. J Clin Gastroenterol 1991; 13: 656-660
- 59 Yuno K, Iishi H, Tatsuta M. et al. Intravenous midazolam as a sedative for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10: 981-984
- 60 Marriott P, Laasch HU, Wilbraham L. et al. Conscious sedation for endoscopic and non-endoscopic interventional gastrointestinal procedures: meeting patients’ expectations, missing the standard. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 180-185
- 61 Ristikankare M, Hartikainen J, Heikkinen M. et al. Is routinely given conscious sedation of benefit during colonoscopy?. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 566-572
- 62 Hsieh YH, Chou AL, Lai YY. et al. Propofol alone versus propofol in combination with meperidine for sedation during colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43: 753-757
- 63 Amornyotin S, Srikureja W, Chalayonnavin W. et al. Dose requirement and complications of diluted and undiluted propofol for deep sedation in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international: HBPD INT 2011; 10: 313-318
- 64 Poincloux L, Laquière A, Bazin JE. et al. A randomized controlled trial of endoscopist vs. anaesthetist-administered sedation for colonoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2011; 43: 553-558
- 65 McQuaid KR, Laine L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of moderate sedation for routine endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 67: 910-923
- 66 Singh H, Poluha W, Cheung M. et al. Propofol for sedation during colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 2008: Cd006268
- 67 Walmsley RS, Montgomery SM. Factors affecting patient tolerance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998; 26: 253-255
- 68 Jin EH, Hong KS, Lee Y. et al. How to improve patient satisfaction during midazolam sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy?. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 1098-1105
- 69 Padmanabhan A, Frangopoulos C, Shaffer LET. Patient Satisfaction With Propofol for Outpatient Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Dis Colon Rectum 2017; 60: 1102-1108
- 70 Shin S, Park CH, Kim HJ. et al. Patient satisfaction after endoscopic submucosal dissection under propofol-based sedation: a small premedication makes all the difference. Surg Endosc 2017; 31: 2636-2644
- 71 Lim S, Lee OH, Yoon IJ. et al. Moderate versus deep sedation in adults undergoing colonoscopy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2019; 35: 879-885
- 72 Nayar DS, Guthrie WG, Goodman A. et al. Comparison of propofol deep sedation versus moderate sedation during endosonography. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2537-2544
- 73 Meining A, Semmler V, Kassem AM. et al. The effect of sedation on the quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: an investigator-blinded, randomized study comparing propofol with midazolam. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 345-349
- 74 Laluna L, Allen ML, Dimarino AJ. et al. The comparison of midazolam and topical lidocaine spray versus the combination of midazolam, meperidine, and topical lidocaine spray to sedate patients for upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 289-293
- 75 Patel S, Vargo JJ, Khandwala F. et al. Deep sedation occurs frequently during elective endoscopy with meperidine and midazolam. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2689-2695
- 76 Cohen LB. Redefining quality in endoscopic sedation. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55: 2425-2427
- 77 Cullinane M. et al. Scoping our practice, in National Confidential Enquiry intoPatient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). London: 2004
- 78 Sarkar S, Bowering K, Azim W. et al. Safer sedation practice may not translate into improvements in endoscopic outcomes. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 2009; 21: 534-543
- 79 Turse EP, Dailey FE, Bechtold ML. Impact of moderate versus deep sedation on adenoma detection rate in index average-risk screening colonoscopies. Gastrointest Endosc 2019; 90: 502-505
- 80 Heuss LT, Froehlich F, Beglinger C. Changing patterns of sedation and monitoring practice during endoscopy: results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 161-166
- 81 Conigliaro R, Rossi A. Implementation of sedation guidelines in clinical practice in Italy: results of a prospective longitudinal multicenter study. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 1137-1143
- 82 Park CH, Shin S, Lee SK. et al. Assessing the stability and safety of procedure during endoscopic submucosal dissection according to sedation methods: a randomized trial. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0120529
- 83 Reves JG, Glass PS, Lubarsky DA. Nonbarbiturate Intravenous Anesthetics, in Anesthesia, R.D. Miller, Editor. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2000
- 84 Carlsson U, Grattidge P. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study of propofol and midazolam. Endoscopy 1995; 27: 240-243
- 85 Patterson KW, Casey PB, Murray JP. et al. Propofol sedation for outpatient upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: comparison with midazolam. Br J Anaesth 1991; 67: 108-111
- 86 Riphaus A, Gstettenbauer T, Frenz MB. et al. Quality of psychomotor recovery after propofol sedation for routine endoscopy: a randomized and controlled study. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 677-683
- 87 Sipe BW, Rex DK, Latinovich D. et al. Propofol versus midazolam/meperidine for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 815-825
- 88 Weston BR, Chadalawada V, Chalasani N. et al. Nurse-administered propofol versus midazolam and meperidine for upper endoscopy in cirrhotic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 2440-2447
- 89 Hofmann C, Kiesslich R, Brackertz A. et al. [Propofol for sedation in gastroscopy--a randomized comparison with midazolam]. Z Gastroenterol 1999; 37: 589-595
- 90 Koshy G, Nair S, Norkus EP. et al. Propofol versus midazolam and meperidine for conscious sedation in GI endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 1476-1479
- 91 Reimann FM, Samson U, Derad I. et al. Synergistic sedation with low-dose midazolam and propofol for colonoscopies. Endoscopy 2000; 32: 239-244
- 92 Heuss LT, Schnieper P, Drewe J. et al. Conscious sedation with propofol in elderly patients: a prospective evaluation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17: 1493-1501
- 93 Kazama T, Takeuchi K, Ikeda K. et al. Optimal propofol plasma concentration during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in young, middle-aged, and elderly patients. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 662-669
- 94 Rex DK, Overley CA, Walker J. Registered nurse-administered propofol sedation for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: Why? When? How?. Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2003; 3: 70-80
- 95 Paspatis GA, Manolaraki MM, Tribonias G. et al. Endoscopic sedation in Greece: results from a nationwide survey for the Hellenic Foundation of gastroenterology and nutrition. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41: 807-811
- 96 Külling D, Rothenbühler R, Inauen W. Safety of nonanesthetist sedation with propofol for outpatient colonoscopy and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Endoscopy 2003; 35: 679-682
- 97 Gottschling S, Larsen R, Meyer S. et al. Acute pancreatitis induced by short-term propofol administration. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 1006-1008
- 98 Jawaid Q, Presti ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. et al. Acute pancreatitis after single-dose exposure to propofol: a case report and review of literature. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 614-618
- 99 Fudickar A, Bein B, Tonner PH. Propofol infusion syndrome in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006; 19: 404-410
- 100 Fudickar A. et al. Suggested beginning of propofol infusion syndrome in an adult patient without lactacidosis: a case report. European journal of anaesthesiology 2008; 25: 777-778
- 101 Asserhøj LL, Mosbech H, Krøigaard M. et al. No evidence for contraindications to the use of propofol in adults allergic to egg, soy or peanut. Br J Anaesth 2016; 116: 77-82
- 102 Dewachter P, Kopac P, Laguna JJ. et al. Anaesthetic management of patients with pre-existing allergic conditions: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123: e65-e81
- 103 Silvestri GA, Vincent BD, Wahidi MM. et al. A phase 3, randomized, double-blind study to assess the efficacy and safety of fospropofol disodium injection for moderate sedation in patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Chest 2009; 135: 41-47
- 104 Cohen LB, Cattau E, Goetsch A. et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study of fospropofol disodium for sedation during colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44: 345-353
- 105 Qadeer MA, Vargo JJ, Khandwala F. et al. Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 3: 1049-1056
- 106 VanNatta ME, Rex DK. Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101: 2209-2217
- 107 Paspatis GA, Charoniti I, Manolaraki M. et al. Synergistic sedation with oral midazolam as a premedication and intravenous propofol versus intravenous propofol alone in upper gastrointestinal endoscopies in children: a prospective, randomized study. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition 2006; 43: 195-199
- 108 Wang D, Chen C, Chen J. et al. The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e53311
- 109 Zhang K, Xu H, Li HT. Safety and efficacy of propofol alone or in combination with other agents for sedation of patients undergoing colonoscopy: an updated meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24: 4506-4518
- 110 Wang D, Wang S, Chen J. et al. Propofol combined with traditional sedative agents versus propofol- alone sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 101-110
- 111 Yoon SW, Choi GJ, Lee OH. et al. Comparison of propofol monotherapy and propofol combination therapy for sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2018; 30: 580-591
- 112 Vargo JJ. See one, do one, teach one. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2008; 67: 419-421
- 113 Riphaus A, Geist C, Schrader K. et al. Intermittent manually controlled versus continuous infusion of propofol for deep sedation during interventional endoscopy: a prospective randomized trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 1078-1085
- 114 Martínez JF, Aparicio JR, Compañy L. et al. Safety of continuous propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in elderly patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2011; 103: 76-82
- 115 Adler DG, Kawa C, Hilden K. et al. Nurse-administered propofol sedation is safe for patients with obstructive sleep apnea undergoing routine endoscopy: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56: 2666-2671
- 116 Rex DK, Deenadayalu V, Eid E. Gastroenterologist-directed propofol: an update. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America 2008; 18: 717-725
- 117 Külling D, Orlandi M, Inauen W. Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: how much staff and monitoring are necessary?. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 443-449
- 118 Vargo JJ. Procedural sedation and obesity: waters left uncharted. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 980-984
- 119 Department of Health and Human Services, Petition denial for request for removal of warning of labeling for Diprivan (propofol). Docket no FDA-2005-P- 0059. 2010
- 120 Pelosi P. Retraction of endorsement: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 302
- 121 Ferreira AO, Torres J, Barjas E. et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe in low risk patients: results of a noninferiority randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2016; 48: 747-753
- 122 Lee HS, Nagra N, La Selva D. et al. Nurse-Administered Propofol Continuous Infusion Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Patients Who Are Difficult to Sedate. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19: 180-188
- 123 McVay T, Fang JC, Taylor L. et al. Safety Analysis of Bariatric Patients Undergoing Outpatient Upper Endoscopy with Non-Anesthesia Administered Propofol Sedation. Obes Surg 2017; 27: 1501-1507
- 124 Nonaka M, Gotoda T, Kusano C. et al. Safety of gastroenterologist-guided sedation with propofol for upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopy in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Gut and liver 2015; 9: 38-42
- 125 Sato M, Horiuchi A, Tamaki M. et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation in Outpatients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17: 1098-1104
- 126 Sechzer PH. Studies in pain with the analgesic-demand system. Anesth Analg 1971; 50: 1-10
- 127 Heuss LT, Drewe J, Schnieper P. et al. Patient-controlled versus nurse-administered sedation with propofol during colonoscopy. A prospective randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 511-518
- 128 Luginbühl M, Vuilleumier P, Schumacher P. et al. Anesthesia or sedation for gastroenterologic endoscopies. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22: 524-531
- 129 Mazanikov M, Udd M, Kylänpää L. et al. Patient-controlled sedation with propofol and remifentanil for ERCP: a randomized, controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 260-266
- 130 Mazanikov M, Udd M, Kylänpää L. et al. Patient-controlled sedation for ERCP: a randomized double-blind comparison of alfentanil and remifentanil. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 487-492
- 131 Bright E, Roseveare C, Dalgleish D. et al. Patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized trial comparing patient-controlled administration of propofol and alfentanil with physician-administered midazolam and pethidine. Endoscopy 2003; 35: 683-687
- 132 Roseveare C, Seavell C, Patel P. et al. Patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, using propofol and alfentanil, during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 1998; 30: 768-773
- 133 Lee DW, Chan AC, Sze TS. et al. Patient-controlled sedation versus intravenous sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 629-632
- 134 Ng JM, Kong CF, Nyam D. Patient-controlled sedation with propofol for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54: 8-13
- 135 Crepeau T, Poincloux L, Bonny C. et al. Significance of patient-controlled sedation during colonoscopy. Results from a prospective randomized controlled study. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2005; 29: 1090-1096
- 136 Lee D, Chan A, Wong S. et al. The safety, feasibility, and acceptability of patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy: Prospective study. Hong Kong medical journal = Xianggang yi xue za zhi/Hong Kong Academy of Medicine 2004; 10: 84-88
- 137 Fanti L, Agostoni M, Gemma M. et al. Remifentanil vs. meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia during colonoscopy: a randomized double-blind trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1119-1124
- 138 Jokelainen J, Udd M, Kylänpää L. et al. How patient-controlled sedation is adopted in clinical practice of sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography? A prospective study of 1196 cases (). Scand J Gastroenterol 2017; 52: 166-172
- 139 Nilsson A, Grossmann B, Kullman E. et al. Sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized controlled study of patient-controlled propofol sedation and that given by a nurse anesthetist. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015; 50: 1285-1292
- 140 Lu Y, Hao L-X, Chen L. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of patient-controlled sedation versus intravenous sedation for colonoscopy. International journal of clinical and experimental medicine 2015; 8: 19793-19803
- 141 Egan TD, Kern SE, Johnson KB. et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in a modified cyclodextrin formulation (Captisol) versus propofol in a lipid formulation (Diprivan): an electroencephalographic and hemodynamic study in a porcine model. Anesth Analg 2003; 97: 72-79
- 142 Swinhoe CF, Peacock JE, Glen JB. et al. Evaluation of the predictive performance of a ‘Diprifusor’ TCI system. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 61-67
- 143 Leslie K, Clavisi O, Hargrove J. Target-controlled infusion versus manually-controlled infusion of propofol for general anaesthesia or sedation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; Cd006059
- 144 Fanti L, Agostoni M, Arcidiacono PG. et al. Target-controlled infusion during monitored anesthesia care in patients undergoing EUS: propofol alone versus midazolam plus propofol. A prospective double-blind randomised controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 81-86
- 145 Leslie K, Absalom A, Kenny GNC. Closed loop control of sedation for colonoscopy using the Bispectral Index*. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 693-697
- 146 Campbell L, Imrie G, Doherty P. et al. Patient maintained sedation for colonoscopy using a target controlled infusion of propofol. Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 127-132
- 147 Gillham MJ, Hutchinson RC, Carter R. et al. Patient-maintained sedation for ERCP with a target-controlled infusion of propofol: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 54: 14-17
- 148 Stonell CA, Leslie K, Absalom AR. Effect-site targeted patient-controlled sedation with propofol: comparison with anaesthetist administration for colonoscopy. Anaesthesia 2006; 61: 240-247
- 149 Fanti L, Gemma M, Agostoni M. et al. Target Controlled Infusion for non-anaesthesiologist propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy: The first double blind randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2015; 47: 566-571
- 150 Gemma M, Pasin L, Oriani A. et al. Swallowing Impairment During Propofol Target-Controlled Infusion. Anesth Analg 2016; 122: 48-54
- 151 Lin YJ, Wang YC, Huang HH. et al. Target-controlled propofol infusion with or without bispectral index monitoring of sedation during advanced gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35: 1189-1195
- 152 Wang JF, Li B, Yang YG. et al. Target-Controlled Infusion of Propofol in Training Anesthesiology Residents in Colonoscopy Sedation: A Prospective Randomized Crossover Trial. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22: 206-210
- 153 Chang YT, Tsai TC, Hsu H. et al. Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy with the application of target-controlled infusion. Turk J Gastroenterol 2015; 26: 417-422
- 154 García Guzzo ME, Fernandez MS, Sanchez Novas D. et al. Deep sedation using propofol target-controlled infusion for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20: 195
- 155 Kawano S, Okada H, Iwamuro M. et al. An effective and safe sedation technique combining target-controlled infusion pump with propofol, intravenous pentazocine, and bispectral index monitoring for peroral double-balloon endoscopy. Digestion 2015; 91: 112-116
- 156 Ogawa T, Tomoda T, Kato H. et al. Propofol sedation with a target-controlled infusion pump in elderly patients undergoing ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 92: 301-307
- 157 Seo SI, Ryu JY, Kang SS. et al. Safety of Target-Controlled Propofol Infusion by Gastroenterologists in Patients Undergoing Endoscopic Resection. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61: 3199-3206
- 158 Banerjee S, Desilets D, Diehl D. et al. Computer-assisted personalized sedation. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2011; 73: 423-427
- 159 Pambianco DJ, Vargo JJ, Pruitt RE. et al. Computer-assisted personalized sedation for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: a comparative, multicenter randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 765-772
- 160 Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Tombs D. et al. The First US Clinical Experience With Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation: A Retrospective Observational Comparative Study on Efficacy, Safety, Efficiency, and Endoscopist and Patient Satisfaction. Anesth Analg 2017; 125: 804-811
- 161 Lin OS, La Selva D, Kozarek RA. et al. One year experience with computer-assisted propofol sedation for colonoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 2964-2971
- 162 Lin OS, La Selva D, Kozarek RA. et al. Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Is Effective, Efficient, and Safe. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64: 3549-3556
- 163 Reves JG, Fragen RJ, Vinik HR. et al. Midazolam: pharmacology and uses. Anesthesiology 1985; 62: 310-324
- 164 Donnelly MB, Scott WA, Daly DS. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparison of alfentanil-midazolam and meperidine-diazepam. Can J Anaesth 1994; 41: 1161-1165
- 165 Ginsberg GG, Lewis JH, Gallagher JE. et al. Diazepam versus midazolam for colonoscopy: a prospective evaluation of predicted versus actual dosing requirements. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 651-656
- 166 Macken E, Gevers AM, Hendrickx A. et al. Midazolam versus diazepam in lipid emulsion as conscious sedation for colonoscopy with or without reversal of sedation with flumazenil. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 47: 57-61
- 167 Lavies NG, Creasy T, Harris K. et al. Arterial oxygen saturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: influence of sedation and operator experience. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83: 618-622
- 168 Carrougher JG, Kadakia S, Shaffer RT. et al. Venous complications of midazolam versus diazepam. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 396-399
- 169 Ladas SD, Aabakken L, Rey JF. et al. Use of sedation for routine diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey of National Endoscopy Society Members. Digestion 2006; 74: 69-77
- 170 Zakko SF, Seifert HA, Gross JB. A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for conscious sedation during colonoscopy in a prospective double-blind study. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 684-689
- 171 Cantor DS, Baldridge ET. Premedication with meperidine and diazepam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy precludes the need for topical anesthesia. Gastrointest Endosc 1986; 32: 339-341
- 172 Triantafillidis JK, Merikas E, Nikolakis D. et al. Sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy: current issues. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 463-481
- 173 Lee MG, Hanna W, Harding H. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and diazepam. Gastrointest Endosc 1989; 35: 82-84
- 174 Lader M, Morton S. Benzodiazepine problems. British Journal of Addiction 1991; 86: 823-828
- 175 Christe C, Janssens JP, Armenian B. et al. Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in older persons: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: 1398-1403
- 176 Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J. et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 21-26
- 177 Froehlich F, Schwizer W, Thorens J. et al. Conscious sedation for gastroscopy: patient tolerance and cardiorespiratory parameters. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 697-704
- 178 Yano H, Iishi H, Tatsuta M. et al. Oxygen desaturation during sedation for colonoscopy in elderly patients. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 2138-2141
- 179 Hirsh I, Vaissler A, Chernin J. et al. Fentanyl or tramadol, with midazolam, for outpatient colonoscopy: analgesia, sedation, and safety. Dig Dis Sci 2006; 51: 1946-1951
- 180 Lee S-Y, Son HJ, Lee JM. et al. Identification of factors that influence conscious sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Journal of Korean medical science 2004; 19: 536-540
- 181 Morrow JB, Zuccaro Jr. G, Conwell DL. et al. Sedation for colonoscopy using a single bolus is safe, effective, and efficient: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2242-2247
- 182 Terruzzi V, Meucci G, Radaelli F. et al. Routine versus “On Demand” sedation and analgesia for colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Gastrointestinal endoscopy 2001; 54: 169-174
- 183 Conway A, Rolley J, Sutherland JR. Midazolam for sedation before procedures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016: Cd009491
- 184 Kankaria A, Lewis JH, Ginsberg G. et al. Flumazenil reversal of psychomotor impairment due to midazolam or diazepam for conscious sedation for upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996; 44: 416-421
- 185 Saletin M, Malchow H, Mühlhofer H. et al. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effects of flumazenil after midazolam premedication in outpatients undergoing colonoscopy. Endoscopy 1991; 23: 331-333
- 186 Mora CT, Torjman M, White PF. Sedative and ventilatory effects of midazolam infusion: effect of flumazenil reversal. Can J Anaesth 1995; 42: 677-684
- 187 Carter AS, Bell GD, Coady T. et al. Speed of reversal of midazolam-induced respiratory depression by flumazenil – a study in patients undergoing upper G.I. endoscopy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1990; 92: 59-64
- 188 Andrews PJ, Wright DJ, Lamont MC. Flumazenil in the outpatient. A study following midazolam as sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 445-448
- 189 Bartelsman JF, Sars PR, Tytgat GN. Flumazenil used for reversal of midazolam-induced sedation in endoscopy outpatients. Gastrointest Endosc 1990; 36: S9-S12
- 190 Norton AC, Dundas CR. Induction agents for day-case anaesthesia. A double-blind comparison of propofol and midazolam antagonised by flumazenil. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 198-203
- 191 Hung A, Marshall J, Barnett S. et al. Risk Factors and Outcomes of Reversal Agent Use in Moderate Sedation During Endoscopy and Colonoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50: e25-e29
- 192 Schnider T, Minto C. Context sensitive decrement times of remimazolam. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 285
- 193 Borkett KM, Riff DS, Schwartz HI. et al. A Phase IIa, randomized, double-blind study of remimazolam (CNS 7056) versus midazolam for sedation in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 771-780
- 194 Rex DK, Bhandari R, Desta T. et al. A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 88: 427-437.e6
- 195 Wang F, Zhou Q, Shen M. et al. Efficacy and safety of remimazolam in procedural sedation and analgesia: A protocol for systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99: e20765
- 196 Ulmer BJ, Hansen JJ, Overley CA. et al. Propofol versus midazolam/fentanyl for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 1: 425-432
- 197 Vargo JJ, Zuccaro Jr. G, Dumot JA. et al. Gastroenterologist-administered propofol versus meperidine and midazolam for advanced upper endoscopy: a prospective, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 8-16
- 198 Jung M, Hofmann C, Kiesslich R. et al. Improved sedation in diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: propofol is an alternative to midazolam. Endoscopy 2000; 32: 233-238
- 199 Wehrmann T, Grotkamp J, Stergiou N. et al. Electroencephalogram monitoring facilitates sedation with propofol for routine ERCP: a randomized, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 817-824
- 200 Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V. et al. Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum. Endoscopy 1999; 31: 352-358
- 201 Cohen LB, Hightower CD, Wood DA. et al. Moderate level sedation during endoscopy: a prospective study using low-dose propofol, meperidine/fentanyl, and midazolam. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 795-803
- 202 Mandel JE, Tanner JW, Lichtenstein GR. et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of patient-controlled sedation with propofol/remifentanil versus midazolam/fentanyl for colonoscopy. Anesth Analg 2008; 106: 434-439
- 203 Yamagata T, Hirasawa D, Fujita N. et al. Efficacy of propofol sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD): assessment with prospective data collection. Intern Med 2011; 50: 1455-1460
- 204 Hansen JJ, Ulmer BJ, Rex DK. Technical performance of colonoscopy in patients sedated with nurse-administered propofol. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 52-56
- 205 Rudner R, Jalowiecki P, Kawecki P. et al. Conscious analgesia/sedation with remifentanil and propofol versus total intravenous anesthesia with fentanyl, midazolam, and propofol for outpatient colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 657-663
- 206 Chin NM, Tai HY, Chin MK. Intravenous sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: Midazolam versus propofol. Singapore Med J 1992; 33: 478-480
- 207 Zhang R, Lu Q, Wu Y. The Comparison of Midazolam and Propofol in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2018; 28: 153-158
- 208 Kim DB, Kim JS, Huh CW. et al. Propofol compared with bolus and titrated midazolam for sedation in outpatient colonoscopy: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93: 201-208
- 209 Ominami M, Nagami Y, Shiba M. et al. Comparison of propofol with midazolam in endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53: 397-406
- 210 Kikuchi H, Hikichi T, Watanabe K. et al. Efficacy and safety of sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric cancers using a comparative trial of propofol versus midazolam. Endosc Int Open 2018; 6: E51-E57
- 211 Wahab EA, Hamed EF, Ahmad HS. et al. Conscious sedation using propofol versus midazolam in cirrhotic patients during upper GI endoscopy: A comparative study. JGH Open 2019; 3: 25-31
- 212 Krugliak P, Ziff B, Rusabrov Y. et al. Propofol versus midazolam for conscious sedation guided by processed EEG during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Endoscopy 2000; 32: 677-682
- 213 Riphaus A, Stergiou N, Wehrmann T. Sedation with propofol for routine ERCP in high-risk octogenarians: a randomized, controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1957-1963
- 214 Wehrmann T, Riphaus A. Sedation with propofol for interventional endoscopic procedures: a risk factor analysis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 368-374
- 215 Paspatis GA, Manolaraki MM, Vardas E. et al. Deep sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: intravenous propofol alone versus intravenous propofol with oral midazolam premedication. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 308-313
- 216 Behrens A, Ell C, Studiengruppe A-P. Safety of sedation during gastroscopy and colonoscopy in low-risk patients – results of a retrospective subgroup analysis of a registry study including over 170 000 endoscopies. Z Gastroenterol 2016; 54: 733-739
- 217 Goudra B, Nuzat A, Singh PM. et al. Association between Type of Sedation and the Adverse Events Associated with Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: An Analysis of 5 Years’ Data from a Tertiary Center in the USA. Clin Endosc 2017; 50: 161-169
- 218 Wadhwa V, Issa D, Garg S. et al. Similar Risk of Cardiopulmonary Adverse Events Between Propofol and Traditional Anesthesia for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 15: 194-206
- 219 Ishiguro T, Ishiguro C, Ishiguro G. et al. Midazolam sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: comparison between the states of patients in partial and complete amnesia. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 438-440
- 220 Arrowsmith JB, Gerstman BB, Fleischer DE. et al. Results from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy/U.S. Food and Drug Administration collaborative study on complication rates and drug use during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1991; 37: 421-427
- 221 Basu S, Krishnamurthy B, Walsh TH. Value of fentanyl in flexible sigmoidoscopy. World J Surg 2004; 28: 930-934
- 222 Ishido S, Kinoshita Y, Kitajima N. et al. Fentanyl for sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 689-692
- 223 Robertson DJ, Jacobs DP, Mackenzie TA. et al. Clinical trial: a randomized, study comparing meperidine (pethidine) and fentanyl in adult gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29: 817-823
- 224 Fassoulaki A, Iatrelli I, Vezakis A. et al. Deep sedation for endoscopic cholangiopancreatography with or without pre or intraprocedural opioids: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015; 32: 602-608
- 225 Kapila A, Glass PS, Jacobs JR. et al. Measured context-sensitive half-times of remifentanil and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 968-975
- 226 Akcaboy ZN, Akcaboy EY, Albayrak D. et al. Can remifentanil be a better choice than propofol for colonoscopy during monitored anesthesia care?. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50: 736-741
- 227 Manolaraki MM, Theodoropoulou A, Stroumpos C. et al. Remifentanil compared with midazolam and pethidine sedation during colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized study. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 34-40
- 228 Hong MJ, Sung IK, Lee SP. et al. Randomized comparison of recovery time after use of remifentanil alone versus midazolam and meperidine for colonoscopy anesthesia. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 113-120
- 229 Zhang J, Huang Y, Li Z. et al. Sedation and use of analgesics in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a double-blind comparison study of meperidine/midazolam, remifentanil/ midazolam, and remifentanil alone. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 54: 872-879
- 230 Borrat X, Valencia JF, Magrans R. et al. Sedation-analgesia with propofol and remifentanil: concentrations required to avoid gag reflex in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Anesth Analg 2015; 121: 90-96
- 231 Prause A, Wappler F, Scholz J. et al. Respiratory depression under long-term sedation with sufentanil, midazolam and clonidine has no clinical significance. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1454-1461
- 232 Monk JP, Beresford R, Ward A. Sufentanil. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1988; 36: 286-313
- 233 Deng C, Wang X, Zhu Q. et al. Comparison of nalbuphine and sufentanil for colonoscopy: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0188901
- 234 Green SM, Li J. Ketamine in adults: what emergency physicians need to know about patient selection and emergence reactions. Acad Emerg Med 2000; 7: 278-281
- 235 White PF, Way WL, Trevor AJ. Ketamine – its pharmacology and therapeutic uses. Anesthesiology 1982; 56: 119-136
- 236 Ward J, Standage C. Angina pain precipitated by a continuous subcutaneous infusion of ketamine. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003; 25: 6-7
- 237 Green SM, Roback MG, Kennedy RM. et al. Clinical practice guideline for emergency department ketamine dissociative sedation: 2011 update. Ann Emerg Med 2011; 57: 449-461
- 238 Schmenger P. Intravenöse Anästhetika. In: Tonner PH, Hein L. ed. Pharmakotherapie in der Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; 2011: 81-108
- 239 Aggarwal A, Ganguly S, Anand VK. et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous ketamine for sedation and analgesia during pediatric endoscopic procedures. Indian Pediatr 1998; 35: 1211-1214
- 240 Gilger MA, Spearman RS, Dietrich CL. et al. Safety and effectiveness of ketamine as a sedative agent for pediatric GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 659-663
- 241 Rösing C, Trinkl W, Rösing K. et al. Midazolam plus ketamine as premedication for colonoscopies. A double-blind, randomized study. Med Klin (Munich) 1991; 86: 190-193
- 242 Ong WC, Santosh D, Lakhtakia S. et al. A randomized controlled trial on use of propofol alone versus propofol with midazolam, ketamine, and pentazocine “sedato-analgesic cocktail” for sedation during ERCP. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 807-812
- 243 Tian L, Luan H, Zhu P. et al. A randomized controlled trial for measuring effects on cognitive functions of adding ketamine to propofol during sedation for colonoscopy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99: e21859
- 244 Turk HS, Aydogmus M, Unsal O. et al. Ketamine versus alfentanil combined with propofol for sedation in colonoscopy procedures: a randomized prospective study. Turk J Gastroenterol 2014; 25: 644-649
- 245 Tuncali B, Pekcan YO, Celebi A. et al. Addition of low-dose ketamine to midazolam-fentanyl-propofol-based sedation for colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Clin Anesth 2015; 27: 301-306
- 246 Yin S, Hong J, Sha T. et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Sufentanil, Dexmedetomidine, or Ketamine Added to Propofol-based Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Elderly Patients: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clin Ther 2019; 41: 1864-1877.e0
- 247 Paris A, Philipp M, Tonner PH. et al. Activation of alpha 2B-adrenoceptors mediates the cardiovascular effects of etomidate. Anesthesiology 2003; 99: 889-895
- 248 Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F. et al. Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 293-300
- 249 Cuthbertson BH, Sprung CL, Annane D. et al. The effects of etomidate on adrenal responsiveness and mortality in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 1868-1876
- 250 Albert SG, Ariyan S, Rather A. The effect of etomidate on adrenal function in critical illness: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37: 901-910
- 251 Albert SG, Sitaula S. Etomidate, Adrenal Insufficiency and Mortality Associated With Severity of Illness: A Meta-Analysis. J Intensive Care Med 2021; 36: 1124-1129
- 252 Ye L, Xiao X, Zhu L. The Comparison of Etomidate and Propofol Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2017; 27: 1-7
- 253 Han SJ, Lee TH, Yang JK. et al. Etomidate Sedation for Advanced Endoscopic Procedures. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64: 144-151
- 254 Dyck JB, Maze M, Haack C. et al. The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of intravenous and intramuscular dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers. Anesthesiology 1993; 78: 813-820
- 255 Tonner PH, Paris A. α2-Agonists in anesthesia and intensive care. Pharm Unserer Zeit 2011; 40: 474-479
- 256 Quintin L, Ghignone M. Risks associated with peri-operative use of alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists. In: Scholz J, Tonner PH. eds. Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists in anaesthesia and intensive care. London: Bailliere Tindall; 2000: 347-368
- 257 Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Sagara S. et al. Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 8-15
- 258 Zhang F, Sun HR, Zheng ZB. et al. Dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for sedation during endoscopy: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2016; 11: 2519-2524
- 259 Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Hosoe N. et al. Dexmedetomidine vs propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: A meta-analysis. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5: 1037-1045
- 260 Takacs J. Toxicology of nitrous oxide. In: Tonner PH, Scholz J. eds. Use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia. London: Bailliere Tindall; 2001: 349-362
- 261 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin e. V., Berufsverband Deutscher Anästhesisten e. V. Stellungnahme der DGAI und des BDA zur Einführung von LIVOPAN® in Deutschland. Entschliessungen, Empfehlungen, Vereinbarungen – Ein Beitrag zur Qualitätssicherung in der Anästhesiologie. Ebelsbach: Aktiv Druck und Verlag; 2011: 533
- 262 Welchman S, Cochrane S, Minto G. et al. Systematic review: the use of nitrous oxide gas for lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 324-333
- 263 Aboumarzouk OM, Agarwal T, Syed Nong Chek SA. et al. Nitrous oxide for colonoscopy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; Cd008506
- 264 Maslekar S, Balaji P, Gardiner A. et al. Randomized controlled trial of patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy: Entonox vs modified patient-maintained target-controlled propofol. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13: 48-57
- 265 Løberg M, Furholm S, Hoff I. et al. Nitrous oxide for analgesia in colonoscopy without sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 1347-1353
- 266 Robertson AR, Kennedy NA, Robertson JA. et al. Colonoscopy quality with Entonox(®)vs intravenous conscious sedation: 18608 colonoscopy retrospective study. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2017; 9: 471-479
- 267 Wang CX, Wang J, Chen YY. et al. Randomized controlled study of the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide-sedated endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for digestive tract diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22: 10242-10248
- 268 Xiaoqian Z, Tao Z, Bingsong L. et al. Clinical comparative study on Nitrous Oxide inhalation versus intravenous propofol and Midazolam sedation in Transnasal Gastroscopy. Pak J Med Sci 2017; 33: 891-894
- 269 Fanti L, Testoni PA. Sedation and analgesia in gastrointestinal endoscopy: what’s new?. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 2451-2457
- 270 Waring JP, Baron TH, Hirota WK. et al. Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 317-322
- 271 Jameson JS, Kapadia SA, Polson RJ. et al. Is oropharyngeal anaesthesia with topical lignocaine useful in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy?. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992; 6: 739-744
- 272 Milligan KR, Howe JP, McLoughlin J. et al. Midazolam sedation for outpatient fibreoptic endoscopy: evaluation of alfentanil supplementation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1988; 70: 304-306
- 273 Seifert H, Schmitt TH, Gültekin T. et al. Sedation with propofol plus midazolam versus propofol alone for interventional endoscopic procedures: a prospective, randomized study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 1207-1214
- 274 DiPalma JA, Herrera JL, Weis FR. et al. Alfentanil for conscious sedation during colonoscopy. South Med J 1995; 88: 630-634
- 275 Moerman AT, Struys MM, Vereecke HE. et al. Remifentanil used to supplement propofol does not improve quality of sedation during spontaneous respiration. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16: 237-243
- 276 Rembacken BJ, Axon AT. The role of pethidine in sedation for colonoscopy. Endoscopy 1995; 27: 244-247
- 277 Chen M, Lu Y, Liu H. et al. The propofol-sparing effect of intravenous lidocaine in elderly patients undergoing colonoscopy: a randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20: 132
- 278 Forster C, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Gast P. et al. Intravenous infusion of lidocaine significantly reduces propofol dose for colonoscopy: a randomised placebo-controlled study. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121: 1059-1064
- 279 Kim JE, Choi JB, Koo BN. et al. Efficacy of Intravenous Lidocaine During Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Neoplasm: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3593
- 280 Liu J, Liu X, Peng LP. et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine in propofol-based sedation for ERCP procedures: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 92: 293-300
- 281 Rex DK. Review article: moderate sedation for endoscopy: sedation regimens for non-anaesthesiologists. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 163-171
- 282 Cohen LB, Dubovsky AN, Aisenberg J. et al. Propofol for endoscopic sedation: A protocol for safe and effective administration by the gastroenterologist. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 725-732
- 283 Regula J, Sokol-Kobielska E. Sedation in endoscopy: when and how. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 22: 945-957
- 284 Clarke AC, Chiragakis L, Hillman LC. et al. Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Med J Aust 2002; 176: 158-161
- 285 Paspatis GA, Manolaraki M, Xirouchakis G. et al. Synergistic sedation with midazolam and propofol versus midazolam and pethidine in colonoscopies: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1963-1967
- 286 Lubarsky DA, Candiotti K, Harris E. Understanding modes of moderate sedation during gastrointestinal procedures: a current review of the literature. J Clin Anesth 2007; 19: 397-404
- 287 Goyal R, Hasnain S, Mittal S. et al. A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 83: 928-933
- 288 Han G, Yu WW, Zhao P. A randomized study of intranasal vs. intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine in gastroscopy. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 52: 756-761
- 289 Inatomi O, Imai T, Fujimoto T. et al. Dexmedetomidine is safe and reduces the additional dose of midazolam for sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in very elderly patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18: 166
- 290 Lee BS, Ryu J, Lee SH. et al. Midazolam with meperidine and dexmedetomidine vs. midazolam with meperidine for sedation during ERCP: prospective, randomized, double-blinded trial. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 291-298
- 291 Lee SP, Sung IK, Kim JH. et al. Comparison of dexmedetomidine with on-demand midazolam versus midazolam alone for procedural sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric tumor. J Dig Dis 2015; 16: 377-384
- 292 Nishikawa H, Iwata Y, Ishii A. et al. Effect of dexmedetomidine in the prophylactic endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for oesophageal varices: a study protocol for prospective interventional study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2017; 4: e000149
- 293 Nonaka T, Inamori M, Miyashita T. et al. Feasibility of deep sedation with a combination of propofol and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride for esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dig Endosc 2016; 28: 145-151
- 294 Radaelli F, Meucci G, Terruzzi V. et al. Single bolus of midazolam versus bolus midazolam plus meperidine for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 329-335
- 295 Cinar K, Yakut M, Ozden A. Sedation with midazolam versus midazolam plus meperidine for routine colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Turk J Gastroenterol 2009; 20: 271-275
- 296 Hayee B, Dunn J, Loganayagam A. et al. Midazolam with meperidine or fentanyl for colonoscopy: results of a randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 681-687
- 297 Lee CK, Lee SH, Chung IK. et al. Balanced propofol sedation for therapeutic GI endoscopic procedures: a prospective, randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 206-214
- 298 Cordruwisch W, Doroschko M, Wurbs D. Deep sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopic interventions: safety and reliability of a combination of midazolam and propofol. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2000; 125: 619-622
- 299 Mui LM, Ng EK, Chan KC. et al. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of intravenously administered hyoscine N-butyl bromide in patients undergoing colonoscopy with patient-controlled sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 59: 22-27
- 300 Vargo JJ, Holub JL, Faigel DO. et al. Risk factors for cardiopulmonary events during propofol-mediated upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 955-963
- 301 Iber FL, Sutberry M, Gupta R. et al. Evaluation of complications during and after conscious sedation for endoscopy using pulse oximetry. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 620-625
- 302 Lieberman DA, Wuerker CK, Katon RM. Cardiopulmonary risk of esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Role of endoscope diameter and systemic sedation. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 468-472
- 303 Thompson AM, Park KG, Kerr F. et al. Safety of fibreoptic endoscopy: analysis of cardiorespiratory events. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 1046-1049
- 304 Assy N, Rosser BG, Grahame GR. et al. Risk of sedation for upper GI endoscopy exacerbating subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 690-694
- 305 Vasudevan AE, Goh KL, Bulgiba AM. Impairment of psychomotor responses after conscious sedation in cirrhotic patients undergoing therapeutic upper GI endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1717-1721
- 306 Muravchick S. Aging, anesthesia, and antioxidants. J Clin Anesth 2008; 20: 409-410
- 307 Qureshi WA, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG. et al. ASGE guideline: modifications in endoscopic practice for the elderly. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 566-569
- 308 Darling E. Practical considerations in sedating the elderly. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1997; 9: 371-380
- 309 Dhariwal A, Plevris JN, Lo NT. et al. Age, anemia, and obesity-associated oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1992; 38: 684-688
- 310 Heuss LT, Schnieper P, Drewe J. et al. Safety of propofol for conscious sedation during endoscopic procedures in high-risk patients-a prospective, controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1751-1757
- 311 Harikumar R, Raj M, Paul A. et al. Listening to music decreases need for sedative medication during colonoscopy: a randomized, controlled trial. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006; 25: 3-5
- 312 Rudin D, Kiss A, Wetz RV. et al. Music in the endoscopy suite: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Endoscopy 2007; 39: 507-510
- 313 Kerker A, Hardt C, Schlief HE. et al. Combined sedation with midazolam/propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2010; 10: 11
- 314 Riphaus A, Lechowicz I, Frenz MB. et al. Propofol sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with liver cirrhosis as an alternative to midazolam to avoid acute deterioration of minimal encephalopathy: a randomized, controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 44: 1244-1251
- 315 Correia LM, Bonilha DQ, Gomes GF. et al. Sedation during upper GI endoscopy in cirrhotic outpatients: a randomized, controlled trial comparing propofol and fentanyl with midazolam and fentanyl. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 45-51, 51
- 316 Amorós A, Aparicio JR, Garmendia M. et al. Deep sedation with propofol does not precipitate hepatic encephalopathy during elective upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 70: 262-268
- 317 Khamaysi I, William N, Olga A. et al. Sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients is not aggravated by sedation with propofol compared to midazolam: a randomized controlled study. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 72-77
- 318 Sharma P, Singh S, Sharma BC. et al. Propofol sedation during endoscopy in patients with cirrhosis, and utility of psychometric tests and critical flicker frequency in assessment of recovery from sedation. Endoscopy 2011; 43: 400-405
- 319 Küper MA, Kratt T, Kramer KM. et al. Effort, safety, and findings of routine preoperative endoscopic evaluation of morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc 2010; 24: 1996-2001
- 320 Wani S, Azar R, Hovis CE. et al. Obesity as a risk factor for sedation-related complications during propofol-mediated sedation for advanced endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 1238-1247
- 321 Coté GA. The debate for nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation in endoscopy rages on: who will be the “King of Prop?”. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 773-776
- 322 Coté GA, Hovis RM, Ansstas MA. et al. Incidence of sedation-related complications with propofol use during advanced endoscopic procedures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 137-142
- 323 Rivera R, Antognini JF. Perioperative drug therapy in elderly patients. Anesthesiology 2009; 110: 1176-1181
- 324 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Tanaka N. et al. Propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in patients 90 years of age and older. Digestion 2008; 78: 20-23
- 325 Friedrich K, Stremmel W, Sieg A. Endoscopist-administered propofol sedation is safe – a prospective evaluation of 10,000 patients in an outpatient practice. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2012; 21: 259-263
- 326 Nonaka M, Gotoda T, Kusano C. et al. Safety of gastroenterologist-guided sedation with propofol for upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopy in elderly patients compared with younger patients. Gut Liver 2015; 9: 38-42
- 327 Ching HL, Branchi F, Sanders DS. et al. Paradigm shift: should the elderly undergo propofol sedation for DBE? A prospective cohort study. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018; 9: 192-199
- 328 Finkelmeier F, Tal A, Ajouaou M. et al. ERCP in elderly patients: increased risk of sedation adverse events but low frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82: 1051-1059
- 329 Khoi CS, Wong JJ, Wang HC. et al. Age correlates with hypotension during propofol-based anesthesia for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2015; 53: 131-134
- 330 Lovett P, Gómez V, Hodge DO. et al. Propofol Versus Midazolam/Fentanyl Sedation for Colonoscopy in the Elderly Patient Population. J Perianesth Nurs 2017; 32: 210-214
- 331 Agostoni M, Fanti L, Gemma M. et al. Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 74: 266-275
- 332 Sharma SK, Maharjan DK, Thapa PB. et al. The role of sedation and pulse oximetry during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 2009; 48: 92-98
- 333 Vargo JJ. Sedation in the bariatric patient. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2011; 21: 257-263
- 334 Heuss LT, Schnieper P, Drewe J. et al. Risk stratification and safe administration of propofol by registered nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective observational study of more than 2000 cases. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 664-671
- 335 Tsai HC, Lin YC, Ko CL. et al. Propofol versus midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0117585
- 336 Jo HB, Lee JK, Jang DK. et al. Safety and effectiveness of midazolam for cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopic variceal ligation. Turk J Gastroenterol 2018; 29: 448-455
- 337 Costa A, Montalbano LM, Orlando A. et al. Music for colonoscopy: A single-blind randomized controlled trial. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42: 871-876
- 338 El-Hassan H, McKeown K, Muller AF. Clinical trial: music reduces anxiety levels in patients attending for endoscopy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 718-724
- 339 Meeuse JJ, Koornstra JJ, Reyners AK. Listening to music does not reduce pain during sigmoidoscopy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 22: 942-945
- 340 Tam WW, Wong EL, Twinn SF. Effect of music on procedure time and sedation during colonoscopy: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 5336-5343
- 341 Smolen D, Topp R, Singer L. The effect of self-selected music during colonoscopy on anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure. Appl Nurs Res 2002; 15: 126-136
- 342 Walter S, Gruss S, Neidlinger J. et al. Evaluation of an Objective Measurement Tool for Stress Level Reduction by Individually Chosen Music During Colonoscopy-Results From the Study “ColoRelaxTone”. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7: 525
- 343 Schaible A, Schwan K, Bruckner T. et al. Acupuncture to improve tolerance of diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy in patients without systemic sedation: results of a single-center, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial (DRKS00000164). Trials 2016; 17: 350
- 344 Aisenberg J, Cohen LB. Sedation in endoscopic practice. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2006; 16: 695-708
- 345 The use of pulse oximetry during conscious sedation. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Jama 1993; 270: 1463-1468
- 346 Eisenbacher S, Heard L. Capnography in the gastroenterology lab. Gastroenterol Nurs 2005; 28: 99-105
- 347 Graber RG. Propofol in the endoscopy suite: an anesthesiologist’s perspective. Gastrointest Endosc 1999; 49: 803-806
- 348 Harris JK, Froehlich F, Wietlisbach V. et al. Factors associated with the technical performance of colonoscopy: An EPAGE Study. Dig Liver Dis 2007; 39: 678-689
- 349 Jamieson J. Anesthesia and sedation in the endoscopy suite? (influences and options). Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 1999; 12: 417-423
- 350 Leslie K, Stonell CA. Anaesthesia and sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2005; 18: 431-436
- 351 López Rosés L. Subcomité de Protocolos Of The Spanish Society Of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy S. Sedation/analgesia guidelines for endoscopy. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2006; 98: 685-692
- 352 Mahoney LB, Lightdale JR. Sedation of the pediatric and adolescent patient for GI procedures. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2007; 10: 412-421
- 353 Moos DD, Cuddeford JD. Methemoglobinemia and benzocaine. Gastroenterol Nurs 2007; 30: 342-345
- 354 Morlote EB, Zweng TN, Strodel WE. Hemodynamic monitoring and pulse oximetry during percutaneous gastrostomy and jejunostomy: necessity or nuisance?. Surg Endosc 1991; 5: 130-134
- 355 Overley CA, Rex DK. A nursing perspective on sedation and nurse-administered propofol for endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2004; 14: 325-333
- 356 Robbertze R, Posner KL, Domino KB. Closed claims review of anesthesia for procedures outside the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2006; 19: 436-442
- 357 Guidelines for nursing care of the patient receiving sedation and analgesia in the gastrointestinal endoscopy setting. Society of Gastroenterology Nurses and Associates, Inc. Gastroenterol Nurs 1997; 20 (02) suppl 1-6
- 358 Training guideline for use of propofol in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2004; 60: 167-172
- 359 Vargo JJ, Ahmad AS, Aslanian HR. et al. Training in patient monitoring and sedation and analgesia. Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 66: 7-10
- 360 Zebris J, Maurer W. Quality assurance in the endoscopy suite: sedation and monitoring. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2004; 14: 415-429
- 361 Heneghan S, Myers J, Fanelli R. et al. Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) guidelines for office endoscopic services. Surg Endosc 2009; 23: 1125-1129
- 362 Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Aparicio JR. et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Endoscopy 2010; 42: 960-974
- 363 Borgaonkar MR, Hookey L, Hollingworth R. et al. Indicators of safety compromise in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Can J Gastroenterol 2012; 26: 71-78
- 364 Vargo JJ, DeLegge MH, Feld AD. et al. Multisociety Sedation Curriculum for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2012;
- 365 Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Aparicio JR. et al. European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates, and the European Society of Anaesthesiology Guideline: Non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 1016-1030
- 366 Jain R, Ikenberry SO, Anderson MA. et al. Minimum staffing requirements for the performance of GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72: 469-470
- 367 Vargo JJ, Cohen LB, Rex DK. et al. Position statement: Nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 2161-2167
- 368 Lichtenstein DR, Jagannath S, Baron TH. et al. Sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008; 68: 815-826
- 369 Muñoz-Martínez T, Pardo-Rey C, Silva-Obregón JA. Sedation in special procedures and situations. Med Intensiva 2008; 32 Spec No. 1: 107-114
- 370 Society of Gastroenterology Nurses Association (SGNA). Statement on the use of sedation and analgesia in the gastrointestinal endoscopy setting. Gastroenterol Nurs 2008; 31: 249-251
- 371 Byrne MF, Chiba N, Singh H. et al. Propofol use for sedation during endoscopy in adults: a Canadian Association of Gastroenterology position statement. Can J Gastroenterol 2008; 22: 457-459
- 372 Riphaus A, Wehrmann T, Weber B. et al. S3-guidelines--sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Z Gastroenterol 2008; 46: 1298-1330
- 373 Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F. et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates Guideline--Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015; 47: 1175-1189
- 374 Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. A report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 459-471
- 375 Gottlieb KT, Banerjee S, Barth BA. et al. Monitoring equipment for endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 77: 175-180
- 376 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin. Stufe 1 Leitlinie Sedierung und Analgesie durch Nicht-Anaesthesisten. 2003
- 377 Hofmann C, Jung M. Sedierung und Überwachung bei endoskopischen Eingriffen. 24-29
- 378 Sedation and Monitoring Of Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 1995; 42: 626-629
- 379 American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care. Practice guidelines for postanesthetic care: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Postanesthetic Care. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 742-752
- 380 American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), American Gastroenterological (AGA), American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Joint statement of a Working from the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG), the American Gastroenterological (AGA), and the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Recommendations on the administration of sedation for the performance of endoscopic procedures. 2006
- 381 Kang H, Kim DK, Choi YS. et al. Practice guidelines for propofol sedation by non-anesthesiologists: the Korean Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force recommendations on propofol sedation. Korean J Anesthesiol 2016; 69: 545-554
- 382 Conigliaro R, Fanti L, Manno M. et al. Italian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SIED) position paper on the non-anaesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49: 1185-1190
- 383 Early DS, Lightdale JR, Vargo JJ. et al. Guidelines for sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87: 327-337
- 384 Gotoda T, Akamatsu T, Abe S. et al. Guidelines for sedation in gastroenterological endoscopy (second edition). Dig Endosc 2021; 33: 21-53
- 385 Kiesslich R, Moenk S, Reinhardt K. et al. [Combined simulation training: a new concept and workshop is useful for crisis management in gastrointestinal endoscopy]. Z Gastroenterol 2005; 43: 1031-1039
- 386 Cabadas Avión R, Baluja A, Ojea Cendón M. et al. Effectiveness and safety of gastrointestinal endoscopy during a specific sedation training program for non-anesthesiologists. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2019; 111: 199-208
- 387 Schilling D, Leicht K, Beilenhoff U. et al. Impact of S3 training courses “Sedation and Emergency Management in Endoscopy for Endoscopy Nurses and Assisting Personnel” on the process and structure quality in gastroenterological endoscopy in practices and clinics – results of a nationwide survey. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 619-627
- 388 Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Beilenhoff U. et al. European curriculum for sedation training in gastrointestinal endoscopy: position statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA). Enoscopy 2013; 45: 496-504
- 389 Sidhu R, Turnbull D, Newton M. et al. Deep sedation and anaesthesia in complex gastrointestinal endoscopy: a joint position statement endorsed by the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG), Joint Advisory Group (JAG) and Royal College of Anaesthetists (RCoA). Frontline Gastroenterol 2019; 10: 141-147
- 390 Obara K, Haruma K, Irisawa A. et al. Guidelines for sedation in gastroenterological endoscopy. Dig Endosc 2015; 27: 435-449
- 391 Slagelse C, Vilmann P, Hornslet P. et al. Nurse-administered propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: first Nordic results from implementation of a structured training program. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46: 1503-1509
- 392 Jensen JT, Savran MM, Møller AM. et al. Development and validation of a theoretical test in non-anaesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016; 51: 872-879
- 393 Manno M, Deiana S, Gabbani T. et al. Implementation of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) sedation training course in a regular endoscopy unit. Endoscopy 2021; 53: 65-71
- 394 Rex DK, Deenadayalu VP, Eid E. et al. Endoscopist-directed administration of propofol: a worldwide safety experience. Gastroenterology 2009; 137: 1229-1237
- 395 Behrens A, Labenz J, Schuler A. et al. [How safe is sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy? A multicentre analysis of 388,404 endoscopies and analysis of data from prospective registries of complications managed by members of the Working Group of Leading Hospital Gastroenterologists (ALGK)]. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 432-436
- 396 Frieling T, Heise J, Kreysel C. et al. Sedation-associated complications in endoscopy--prospective multicentre survey of 191142 patients. Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 568-572
- 397 Jamil LH, Naveed M, Agrawal D. et al. ASGE guideline on minimum staffing requirements for the performance of GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2020; 91: 723-729.e17
- 398 Behrens A, Kreuzmayr A, Manner H. et al. Acute sedation-associated complications in GI endoscopy (ProSed 2 Study): results from the prospective multicentre electronic registry of sedation-associated complications. Gut 2019; 68: 445-452
- 399 Gouda B, Gouda G, Borle A. et al. Safety of non-anesthesia provider administered propofol sedation in non-advanced gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures: A meta-analysis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2017; 23: 133-143
- 400 Heron V, Golden C, Blum S. et al. Endoscopist-Directed Propofol as an Adjunct to Standard Sedation: A Canadian Experience. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2020; 3: 141-144
- 401 Jensen JT, Møller A, Hornslet P. et al. Moderate and deep nurse-administered propofol sedation is safe. Dan Med J 2015; 62: A5049
- 402 Jensen JT, Hornslet P, Konge L. et al. High efficacy with deep nurse-administered propofol sedation for advanced gastroenterologic endoscopic procedures. Endosc Int Open 2016; 4: E107-E111
- 403 Lapidus A, Gralnek IM, Suissa A. et al. Safety and efficacy of endoscopist-directed balanced propofol sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Ann Gastroenterol 2019; 32: 303-311
- 404 Ooi M, Thomson A. Morbidity and mortality of endoscopist-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation (EDNAPS) in a tertiary referral center. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3: E393-E397
- 405 Sathananthan D, Young E, Nind G. et al. Assessing the safety of physician-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation in low-risk patients undergoing endoscopy and colonoscopy. Endosc Int Open 2017; 5: E110-E115
- 406 Yamamoto H, Gotoda T, Nakamura T. et al. Clinical impact of gastroenterologist-administered propofol during esophagogastroduodenoscopy: a randomized comparison at a single medical clinic. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18: 326-331
- 407 Rex DK, Overley C, Kinser K. et al. Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 1159-1163
- 408 Rex DK, Heuss LT, Walker JA. et al. Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 1384-1391
- 409 Walker JA, McIntyre RD, Schleinitz PF. et al. Nurse-administered propofol sedation without anesthesia specialists in 9152 endoscopic cases in an ambulatory surgery center. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1744-1750
- 410 Behrens A, Labenz J, Schuler A. et al. Wie sicher ist die Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie? Eine multizentrische Auswertung von 388 404 Endoskopien und Auswertung der Daten aus prospektiv geführten Komplikationsregistern von Mitgliedern der Arbeitsgemeinschaft leitender Gastroenterologen im Krankenhaus (ALGK). Z Gastroenterol 2013; 51: 432-436
- 411 Heuss LT, Froehlich F, Beglinger C. Nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation: from the exception to standard practice. Sedation and monitoring trends over 20 years. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 504-511
- 412 Müller M, Wehrmann T. How best to approach endoscopic sedation?. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 481-490
- 413 Cohen LB, Ladas SD, Vargo JJ. et al. Sedation in digestive endoscopy: the Athens international position statements. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 425-442
- 414 Gerstenberger PD. Capnography and patient safety for endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 8: 423-425
- 415 Cohen LB. Patient monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy: why, when, and how?. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008; 18: 651-663, vii
- 416 Aisenberg J. Endoscopic sedation: equipment and personnel. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2008; 18: 641-649, vii
- 417 Wilson S, McCluskey A. Use of capnography during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 1016-1017
- 418 Wall BF, Magee K, Campbell SG. et al. Capnography versus standard monitoring for emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017;
- 419 Jopling MW, Qiu J. Capnography sensor use is associated with reduction of adverse outcomes during gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures with sedation administration. BMC Anesthesiol 2017; 17: 157
- 420 Saunders R, Erslon M, Vargo J. Modeling the costs and benefits of capnography monitoring during procedural sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endosc Int Open 2016; 4: E340-E351
- 421 Kim SH, Park M, Lee J. et al. The addition of capnography to standard monitoring reduces hypoxemic events during gastrointestinal endoscopic sedation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2018; 14: 1605-1614
- 422 Slagelse C, Vilmann P, Hornslet P. et al. The role of capnography in endoscopy patients undergoing nurse-administered propofol sedation: a randomized study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 1222-1230
- 423 Friedrich-Rust M, Welte M, Welte C. et al. Capnographic monitoring of propofol-based sedation during colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2014; 46: 236-244
- 424 Mehta PP, Kochhar G, Albeldawi M. et al. Capnographic Monitoring in Routine EGD and Colonoscopy With Moderate Sedation: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2016; 111: 395-404
- 425 Peveling-Oberhag J, Michael F, Tal A. et al. Capnography monitoring of non-anesthesiologist provided sedation during percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement: A prospective, controlled, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 35: 401-407
- 426 Michael FA, Peveling-Oberhag J, Herrmann E. et al. Evaluation of the Integrated Pulmonary Index® during non-anesthesiologist sedation for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. J Clin Monit Comput 2021; 35: 1085-1092
- 427 Prathanvanich P, Chand B. The role of capnography during upper endoscopy in morbidly obese patients: a prospective study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015; 11: 193-198
- 428 Takimoto Y, Iwasaki E, Masaoka T. et al. Novel mainstream capnometer system is safe and feasible even under CO(2) insufflation during ERCP-related procedure: a pilot study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6: e000266
- 429 Teng WN, Ting CK, Wang YT. et al. Oral capnography is more effective than nasal capnography during sedative upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput 2018; 32: 321-326
- 430 Bakry M, Bakry R. Changes in topographic electroencephalogram during deepening levels of propofol sedation based on alertness/sedation scale under bispectral index guidance. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2019; 51: 224-229
- 431 Garbe J, Eisenmann S, Kantelhardt JW. et al. Capability of processed EEG parameters to monitor conscious sedation in endoscopy is similar to general anaesthesia. United European Gastroenterol J 2021;
- 432 Jang SY, Park HG, Jung MK. et al. Bispectral index monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered combined sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18: 6284-6289
- 433 Sasaki T, Tanabe S, Azuma M. et al. Propofol sedation with bispectral index monitoring is useful for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a randomized prospective phase II clinical trial. Endoscopy 2012; 44: 584-589
- 434 von Delius S, Salletmaier H, Meining A. et al. Bispectral index monitoring of midazolam and propofol sedation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a randomized clinical trial (the EndoBIS study). Endoscopy 2012; 44: 258-264
- 435 Kang KJ, Min BH, Lee MJ. et al. Efficacy of Bispectral Index Monitoring for Midazolam and Meperidine Induced Sedation during Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study. Gut Liver 2011; 5: 160-164
- 436 Wehrmann T. Extended monitoring of the sedated patient: bispectral index, Narcotrend and automated responsiveness monitor. Digestion 2010; 82: 90-93
- 437 Paspatis GA, Chainaki I, Manolaraki MM. et al. Efficacy of bispectral index monitoring as an adjunct to propofol deep sedation for ERCP: a randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 2009; 41: 1046-1051
- 438 Qadeer MA, Vargo JJ. BIS: hit or miss?. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1850
- 439 Hata K, Andoh A, Hayafuji K. et al. Usefulness of bispectral monitoring of conscious sedation during endoscopic mucosal dissection. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 595-598
- 440 Imagawa A, Fujiki S, Kawahara Y. et al. Satisfaction with bispectral index monitoring of propofol-mediated sedation during endoscopic submucosal dissection: a prospective, randomized study. Endoscopy 2008; 40: 905-909
- 441 DeWitt JM. Bispectral index monitoring for nurse-administered propofol sedation during upper endoscopic ultrasound: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 2739-2745
- 442 Zhang H, Lu Y, Wang L. et al. Bispectral index monitoring of sedation depth during endoscopy: a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials. Minerva Anestesiol 2019; 85: 412-432
- 443 Yu YH, Han DS, Kim HS. et al. Efficacy of bispectral index monitoring during balanced propofol sedation for colonoscopy: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58: 3576-3583
- 444 Park WY, Shin YS, Lee SK. et al. Bispectral index monitoring during anesthesiologist-directed propofol and remifentanil sedation for endoscopic submucosal dissection: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55: 1421-1429
- 445 Heo J, Jung MK, Lee HS. et al. Effects of bispectral index monitoring as an adjunct to nurse-administered propofol combined sedation during colonoscopy: a randomized clinical trial. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31: 260-266
- 446 Sargin M, Uluer MS, Şimşek B. The effect of bispectral index monitoring on cognitive performance following sedation for outpatient colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Sao Paulo Med J 2019; 137: 305-311
- 447 von Delius S, Thies P, Rieder T. et al. Auditory evoked potentials compared with bispectral index for monitoring of midazolam and propofol sedation during colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 318-325
- 448 Amornyotin S, Chalayonnawin W, Kongphlay S. Deep sedation for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a comparison between clinical assessment and Narcotrend(TM) monitoring. Med Devices (Auckl) 2011; 4: 43-49
- 449 Holley K, MacNabb CM, Georgiadis P. et al. Monitoring minute ventilation versus respiratory rate to measure the adequacy of ventilation in patients undergoing upper endoscopic procedures. J Clin Monit Comput 2016; 30: 33-39
- 450 Mathews DM, Oberding MJ, Simmons EL. et al. Improving patient safety during procedural sedation via respiratory volume monitoring: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Anesth 2018; 46: 118-123
- 451 Touw HRW, Verheul MH, Tuinman PR. et al. Photoplethysmography respiratory rate monitoring in patients receiving procedural sedation and analgesia for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Monit Comput 2017; 31: 747-754
- 452 Phan AD, Neuschwander A, Perrod G. et al. Noninvasive continuous monitoring versus intermittent oscillometric measurements for the detection of hypotension during digestive endoscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0240241
- 453 Takamaru H, Kawaguchi Y, Oda I. et al. A new reliable acoustic respiratory monitoring technology during upper gastrointestinal tract therapeutic endoscopy with CO(2) insufflation. J Clin Monit Comput 2020;
- 454 Wadhwa V, Gonzalez AJ, Selema K. et al. Novel device for monitoring respiratory rate during endoscopy-A thermodynamic sensor. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2019; 10: 57-66
- 455 Parzeller M, Wenk M, Zedler B. et al. Aufklärung und Einwilligung bei ärztlichen Eingriffen. Dtsch Arztebl International 2007; 104: A 576-A 586
- 456 Hochberger J. Die Einverständniserklärung zu endoskopischen Eingriffen. In: Sauerbruch T, Scheurlen C. eds. Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) zur Durchführung endoskopischer Untersuchungen. 3. erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage. Stuttgart: Demeterverlag; 2002: 1-11
- 457 Practice Guidelines for Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 1996; 84: 459-471
- 458 Rieger HJ. [Timeliness of informing the patient. Decision of the Federal Court, 3/25/2003 -VI ZR 131/02]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2003; 128: 1728-1729
- 459 Sieg A, Hachmoeller-Eisenbach U, Eisenbach T. Prospective evaluation of complications in outpatient GI endoscopy: a survey among German gastroenterologists. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 620-627
- 460 Lee SY, Son HJ, Lee JM. et al. Identification of factors that influence conscious sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Korean Med Sci 2004; 19: 536-540
- 461 Mahajan RJ, Johnson JC, Marshall JB. Predictors of patient cooperation during gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997; 24: 220-223
- 462 Peña LR, Mardini HE, Nickl NJ. Development of an instrument to assess and predict satisfaction and poor tolerance among patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 1860-1871
- 463 Lazzaroni M, Bianchi Porro G. Preparation, premedication, and surveillance. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 101-109
- 464 A AL, Uhlenbruck W. Handbuch des Arztrechts. 2022 3 Aufl..
- 465 Hinkelbein J, Lamperti M, Akeson J. et al. European Society of Anaesthesiology and European Board of Anaesthesiology guidelines for procedural sedation and analgesia in adults. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018; 35: 6-24
- 466 Practice Guidelines for Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia 2018: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Moderate Procedural Sedation and Analgesia, the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Dental Association, American Society of Dentist Anesthesiologists, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Anesthesiology 2018; 128: 437-479
- 467 OLG Stuttgart. MedR. 1986: 41-42
- 468 OLG Zweibrücken. MedR. 1995: 407-408
- 469 Hayes A, Buffum M. Educating patients after conscious sedation for gastrointestinal procedures. Gastroenterol Nurs 2001; 24: 54-57
- 470 Smith MR, Bell GD, Fulton B. et al. A comparison of winged steel needles and Teflon cannulas in maintaining intravenous access during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1993; 39: 33-36
- 471 Alcaín G, Guillén P, Escolar A. et al. Predictive factors of oxygen desaturation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in nonsedated patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 143-147
- 472 Jurell KR, O’Connor KW, Slack J. et al. Effect of supplemental oxygen on cardiopulmonary changes during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1994; 40: 665-670
- 473 Wang CY, Ling LC, Cardosa MS. et al. Hypoxia during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with and without sedation and the effect of pre-oxygenation on oxygen saturation. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 654-658
- 474 Reshef R, Shiller M, Kinberg R. et al. A prospective study evaluating the usefulness of continuous supplemental oxygen in various endoscopic procedures. Isr J Med Sci 1996; 32: 736-740
- 475 Rozario L, Sloper D, Sheridan MJ. Supplemental oxygen during moderate sedation and the occurrence of clinically significant desaturation during endoscopic procedures. Gastroenterol Nurs 2008; 31: 281-285
- 476 Bell GD, Bown S, Morden A. et al. Prevention of hypoxaemia during upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy by means of oxygen via nasal cannulae. Lancet 1987; 1: 1022-1024
- 477 Kim H, Hyun JN, Lee KJ. et al. Oxygenation before Endoscopic Sedation Reduces the Hypoxic Event during Endoscopy in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Med 2020; 9
- 478 Ayuse T, Sawase H, Ozawa E. et al. Study on prevention of hypercapnia by nasal high flow in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography during intravenous anesthesia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99: e20036
- 479 Dimou F, Huynh S, Dakin G. et al. Nasal positive pressure with the SuperNO(2)VA™ device decreases sedation-related hypoxemia during pre-bariatric surgery EGD. Surg Endosc 2019; 33: 3828-3832
- 480 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Mattila M. et al. Conscious sedation and cardiorespiratory safety during colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52: 48-54
- 481 Petelenz M, Gonciarz M, Macfarlane P. et al. Sympathovagal balance fluctuates during colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 508-514
- 482 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Heikkinen M. et al. Cardiac autonomic regulation during gastroscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41: 648-652
- 483 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Heikkinen M. et al. Sedation, topical pharyngeal anesthesia and cardiorespiratory safety during gastroscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 899-905
- 484 Bahalla A, Sood A, Sachdeva A. et al. Cardiorespiratory compromise under conscious sedation during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006; 16: 585-589
- 485 Kounis NG, Zavras GM, Papadaki PJ. et al. Electrocardiographic changes in elderly patients during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Can J Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 539-544
- 486 Jaca IJ, Desai D, Barkin JS. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia after administration of glucagon during upper endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 304
- 487 Murray AW, Morran CG, Kenny GN. et al. Examination of cardiorespiratory changes during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Comparison of monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation, arterial pressure and the electrocardiogram. Anaesthesia 1991; 46: 181-184
- 488 Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P. et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation 2021; 161: 115-151
- 489 Lewalter T, Lickfett L, Schwab JO. et al. Notfall Herzrhythmusstörungen. Dtsch Arztebl International 2007; 104: A-1172-/B-1045/C-997
- 490 Sieg A. Propofol sedation in outpatient colonoscopy by trained practice nurses supervised by the gastroenterologist: a prospective evaluation of over 3000 cases. Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45: 697-701
- 491 Olasveengen TM, Semeraro F, Ristagno G. et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Basic Life Support. Resuscitation 2021; 161: 98-114
- 492 Leslie K, Tay T, Neo E. Intravenous fluid to prevent hypotension in patients undergoing elective colonoscopy. Anaesth Intensive Care 2006; 34: 316-321
- 493 Ristikankare M, Julkunen R, Laitinen T. et al. Effect of conscious sedation on cardiac autonomic regulation during colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 990-996
- 494 Hynynen M, Korttila K, Tammisto T. Pain on i.v. injection of propofol (ICI 35868) in emulsion formulation. Short communication. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985; 29: 651-652
- 495 Gajraj NM, Nathanson MH. Preventing pain during injection of propofol: the optimal dose of lidocaine. J Clin Anesth 1996; 8: 575-577
- 496 Auerswald K, Pfeiffer F, Behrends K. et al. [Pain on injection with propofol]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 2005; 40: 259-266
- 497 Fischer MJ, Leffler A, Niedermirtl F. et al. The general anesthetic propofol excites nociceptors by activating TRPV1 and TRPA1 rather than GABAA receptors. J Biol Chem 2010; 285: 34781-34792
- 498 Ead H. From Aldrete to PADSS: Reviewing discharge criteria after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2006; 21: 259-267
- 499 Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Berufsverband Deutscher Anästhesisten. Empfehlungen zur Überwachung nach Anästhesieverfahren. Anästh Intensivmed 2009; 50: 485-488
- 500 Nguyen NQ, Burgess J, Debreceni TL. et al. Psychomotor and cognitive effects of 15-minute inhalation of methoxyflurane in healthy volunteers: implication for post-colonoscopy care. Endosc Int Open 2016; 04: E1171-E1177
- 501 Watkins TJ, Bonds RL, Hodges K. et al. Evaluation of postprocedure cognitive function using 3 distinct standard sedation regimens for endoscopic procedures. Aana j 2014; 82: 133-139
- 502 Riphaus A, Slottje M, Bulla J. et al. Women awaken faster than men after electroencephalogram-monitored propofol sedation for colonoscopy: A prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2017; 34: 681-687
- 503 Trevisani L, Cifalà V, Gilli G. et al. Post-Anaesthetic Discharge Scoring System to assess patient recovery and discharge after colonoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2013; 5: 502-507
- 504 Aldrete JA. Modifications to the postanesthesia score for use in ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 1998; 13: 148-155
- 505 Chung F, Chan VW, Ong D. A post-anesthetic discharge scoring system for home readiness after ambulatory surgery. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7: 500-506
- 506 Amornyotin S, Chalayonnavin W, Kongphlay S. Recovery pattern and home-readiness after ambulatory gastrointestinal endoscopy. J Med Assoc Thai 2007; 90: 2352-2358
- 507 Aldrete JA. The post-anesthesia recovery score revisited. J Clin Anesth 1995; 7: 89-91
- 508 Willey J, Vargo JJ, Connor JT. et al. Quantitative assessment of psychomotor recovery after sedation and analgesia for outpatient EGD. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 810-816
- 509 Nuotto EJ, Korttila KT, Lichtor JL. et al. Sedation and recovery of psychomotor function after intravenous administration of various doses of midazolam and diazepam. Anesth Analg 1992; 74: 265-271
- 510 Thapar P, Zacny JP, Thompson W. et al. Using alcohol as a standard to assess the degree of impairment induced by sedative and analgesic drugs used in ambulatory surgery. Anesthesiology 1995; 82: 53-59
- 511 Watkins TJ, Bonds RL, Hodges K. et al. Evaluation of postprocedure cognitive function using 3 distinct standard sedation regimens for endoscopic procedures. AANA J 2014; 82: 133-139
- 512 British Society of Gastroenterology. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Safety and sedation during endoscopic procedures. 2003
- 513 Korttila K, Linnoila M. Psychomotor skills related to driving after intramuscular administration of diazepam and meperidine. Anesthesiology 1975; 42: 685-691
- 514 Korttila K, Linnoila M. Recovery and skills related to driving after intravenous sedation: dose-response relationship with diazepam. Br J Anaesth 1975; 47: 457-463
- 515 Korttila K. Recovery after intravenous sedation. A comparison of clinical and paper and pencil tests used in assessing late effects of diazepam. Anaesthesia 1976; 31: 724-731
- 516 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Katsuyama Y. et al. Safety and driving ability following low-dose propofol sedation. Digestion 2008; 78: 190-194
- 517 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Hidaka N. et al. Low-dose propofol sedation for diagnostic esophagogastroduodenoscopy: results in 10,662 adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104: 1650-1655
- 518 Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Fujii H. et al. Psychomotor recovery and blood propofol level in colonoscopy when using propofol sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75: 506-512
- 519 Brechmann T, Maier C, Kaisler M. et al. Propofol sedation during gastrointestinal endoscopy arouses euphoria in a large subset of patients. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2018; 6: 536-546
- 520 Riphaus A, Slottje M, Bulla J. et al. Women awaken faster than men after electroencephalogram-monitored propofol sedation for colonoscopy: A prospective observational study. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 2017; 34: 681-687
- 521 Loryan I, Lindqvist M, Johansson I. et al. Influence of sex on propofol metabolism, a pilot study: implications for propofol anesthesia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 68: 397-406
- 522 Pitetti R, Davis PJ, Redlinger R. et al. Effect on hospital-wide sedation practices after implementation of the 2001 JCAHO procedural sedation and analgesia guidelines. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2006; 160: 211-216