Einfluss des Patientenalters auf die Befunde im Nerven- und Muskelultraschall

Zusammenfassung

Die Ultraschall-Bildgebung hat sich als wichtige Ergänzung zu elektrophysiologischen Verfahren bei Beurteilung neuromuskulärer Erkrankungen etabliert. Im Kindes- und Jugendalter kann mittels Ultraschalls das Wachstum von Nerven und Muskeln dargestellt werden, während altersbedingte Veränderungen der Nervenstruktur und Muskelechogenität minimal sind. Ab dem Erwachsenenalter sind die altersabhängigen Veränderungen der Nervengröße und Nervenstruktur gering. Der altersbedingte Verlust an Muskelmasse wird als Sarkopenie bezeichnet und kann als Abnahme der Muskeldicke im Ultraschall dargestellt werden, während die Muskelechogenität im höheren Alter zunimmt und Faszikulationen zunehmen. Das Lebensalter sollte daher bei der Interpretation von Nerven- und Muskelultraschallbefunden im klinischen Kontext unbedingt berücksichtigt werden.

Abstract

Ultrasound imaging has become an important adjunct to electrophysiological techniques in the assessment of neuromuscular disorders. In childhood and adolescence, ultrasound can be used to visualise nerve and muscle growth, while age-related changes in nerve structure and muscle echogenicity are minimal. From adulthood, age-related changes in nerve size and structure are small. The age-related loss of muscle mass called sarcopenia can be seen on ultrasound as a decrease in muscle thickness, while muscle echogenicity increases with age and fasciculations increase. Age should therefore be taken into account when interpreting nerve and muscle ultrasound findings in a clinical context.

Schlüsselwörter

Neuromuskulärer Ultraschall - Kindes- und Jugendalter - Erwachsenenalter - Sarkopenie - Normwerte

Keywords

Neuromuscular ultrasound - childhood and adolescence - adulthood - sarcopenia - norm values

Publication History

Article published online:
04 April 2024

• Literatur

• 1 Schubert C, Grimm A-S, Stahl J-H. et al. Nerve ultrasound reference data in children from two to seven years. Clin Neurophysiology Official J Int Fed Clin Neurophysiology 2020; 131: 859-865 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.404.
• 2 Cartwright MS, Mayans DR, Gillson NA. et al. Nerve cross-sectional area in extremes of age. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47: 890-893 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23718.
• 3 Yusuf I, Mork H, Erdlenbruch B. et al. Nerve ultrasound reference values in children and adolescents: Echogenicity and influence of anthropometric factors including hand volume. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2023; 15 11795735231195778 DOI: 10.1177/11795735231195778.
• 4 Abdelnaby R, ELgenidy A, Mohamed KA. et al. Sonographic reference values of nerve size in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Muscle Nerve 2023; 67: 217-225 DOI: 10.1002/mus.27773.
• 5 Fisse AL, Pitarokoili K, Motte J. et al. Nerve echogenicity and intranerve CSA variability in high-resolution nerve ultrasound (HRUS) in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Neurol 2019; 266: 468-475 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-9158-3.
• 6 Kaplan S, Odaci E, Unal B. et al. Chapter 2 Development of the Peripheral Nerve. Int Rev Neurobiol 2009; 87: 9-26 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87002-5.
• 7 Jenny C, Linde J, Hundsberger T. et al. Correlation between age and the sciatic nerve diameter in the first 2 years of life: A high-resolution ultrasound study. Brain Behav 2023; 13: e2944 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2944.
• 8 Hofstadler B, Bäumer P, Schwarz D. et al. MR Neurography: Normative Values in Correlation to Demographic Determinants in Children and Adolescents. Clin Neuroradiol 2020; 30: 671-677 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-019-00834-9.
• 9 Fisse AL, Katsanos AH, Gold R. et al. Cross-sectional area reference values for peripheral nerve ultrasound in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis—Part I: Upper extremity nerves. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28: 1684-1691 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14759.
• 10 Fisse AL, Katsanos AH, Gold R. et al. Cross-sectional area reference values for peripheral nerve ultrasound in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis—Part II: Lower extremity nerves. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28: 2313-2318 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14850.
• 11 Tahmaz M, Yoon M, Schellinger PD. et al. Cross-sectional area in median and ulnar nerve ultrasound correlates with hand volume. Muscle Nerve 2020; 62: 83-88 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26881.
• 12 Boehm J, Scheidl E, Bereczki D. et al. High-Resolution Ultrasonography of Peripheral Nerves: Measurements on 14 Nerve Segments in 56 Healthy Subjects and Reliability Assessments. Ultraschall Med 2014; 35: 459-467 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1356385.
• 13 Walter U, Tsiberidou P. Differential age-, gender-, and side-dependency of vagus, spinal accessory, and phrenic nerve calibers detected with precise ultrasonography measures. Muscle Nerve 2019; 59: 486-491 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26412.
• 14 Gamber D, Motte J, Kerasnoudis A. et al. High-Resolution Nerve Ultrasound to Assess Nerve Echogenicity, Fascicular Count, and Cross-Sectional Area Using Semiautomated Analysis. J Neuroimaging 2020; 30: 493-502 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12717.
• 15 Erdmann A, Motte J, Brünger J. et al. Nerve Echogenicity in Polyneuropathies of Various Etiologies—Results of a Retrospective Semi-Automatic Analysis of High-Resolution Ultrasound Images. Diagnostics 2022; 12: 1341 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061341.
• 16 Lori S, Lolli F, Molesti E. et al. Muscle-ultrasound evaluation in healthy pediatric subjects: Age-related normative data. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58: 245-250 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26151.
• 17 Maurits NM, Beenakker EAC, van Schaik DEC. et al. Muscle ultrasound in children: Normal values and application to neuromuscular disorders. Ultrasound Med Biol 2004; 30: 1017-1027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2004.05.013.
• 18 Scholten RR, Pillen S, Verrips A. et al. Quantitative ultrasonography of skeletal muscles in children: Normal values. Muscle Nerve 2003; 27: 693-698 DOI: 10.1002/mus.10384.
• 19 Jacobs J, Jansen M, Janssen H. et al. Quantitative muscle ultrasound and muscle force in healthy children: A 4-year follow-up study. Muscle Nerve 2013; 47: 856-863 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23690.
• 20 Berko NS, FitzGerald EF, Amaral TD. et al. Ultrasound elastography in children: Establishing the normal range of muscle elasticity. Pediatr Radiol 2014; 44: 158-163 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2793-z.
• 21 Rygiel KA, Picard M, Turnbull DM. The ageing neuromuscular system and sarcopenia: a mitochondrial perspective. J Physiol 2016; 594: 4499-4512 DOI: 10.1113/jp271212.
• 22 Larsson L, Degens H, Li M. et al. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 99: 427-511 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2017.
• 23 Arts IMP, Pillen S, Schelhaas HJ. et al. Normal values for quantitative muscle ultrasonography in adults. Muscle Nerve 2010; 41: 32-41 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21458.
• 24 Abraham A, Drory VE, Fainmesser Y. et al. Quantitative sonographic evaluation of muscle thickness and fasciculation prevalence in healthy subjects. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61: 234-238 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26758.
• 25 Ozturk Y, Koca M, Burkuk S. et al. The role of muscle ultrasound to predict sarcopenia. Nutrition 2022; 101: 111692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111692.
• 26 Naruse M, Trappe S, Trappe TA. Human skeletal muscle size with ultrasound imaging: a comprehensive review. J Appl Physiol 2022; 132: 1267-1279 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00041.2022.
• 27 Nijholt W, Scafoglieri A, Jager-Wittenaar H. et al. The reliability and validity of ultrasound to quantify muscles in older adults: a systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8: 702-712 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12210.
• 28 Narici M, McPhee J, Conte M. et al. Age-related alterations in muscle architecture are a signature of sarcopenia: the ultrasound sarcopenia index. J Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12: 973–982 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12720.
• 29 Arts IMP, Pillen S, Overeem S. et al. Rise and fall of skeletal muscle size over the entire life span. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007; 55: 1150-1152 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01228.x.
• 30 Heckmatt J, Rodillo E, Doherty M. et al. Quantitative Sonography of Muscle. J Child Neurol 1989; 4: S101-S106 DOI: 10.1177/0883073889004001s15.
• 31 Klawitter F, Walter U, Patejdl R. et al. Sonographic Evaluation of Muscle Echogenicity for the Detection of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness: A Pilot Single-Center Prospective Cohort Study. Diagnostics 2022; 12: 1378 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061378.
• 32 Pereira AZ, Uezima CB, Zanella MT. et al. Muscle Echogenicity and Changes Related to Age and Body Mass Index. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2021; 45: 1591-1596 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2030.
• 33 Hildebrandt W, Schwarzbach H, Pardun A. et al. Age-related differences in skeletal muscle microvascular response to exercise as detected by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). PLoS ONE 2017; 12: e0172771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172771.
• 34 Şendur HN, Cindil E, Cerit MN. et al. Evaluation of effects of aging on skeletal muscle elasticity using shear wave elastography. Eur J Radiol 2020; 128: 109038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109038.
• 35 Saito A, Wakasa M, Kimoto M. et al. Age-related changes in muscle elasticity and thickness of the lower extremities are associated with physical functions among community‐dwelling older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 61-65 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13567.
• 36 Chodock E, Hahn J, Setlock CA. et al. Identifying predictors of upper extremity muscle elasticity with healthy aging. J Biomech 2020; 103: 109687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109687.
• 37 Fermont J, Arts IMP, Overeem S. et al. Prevalence and distribution of fasciculations in healthy adults: Effect of age, caffeine consumption and exercise. Amyotroph Lateral Scler 2010; 11: 181-186 DOI: 10.3109/17482960903062137.
• 38 Mulroy E, Pelosi L. Carpal tunnel syndrome in advanced age: A sonographic and electrodiagnostic study. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60: 236-241 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26496.