Download PDF
Planta Med 2020; 86(15): 1058-1072
DOI: 10.1055/a-1224-6115
Biological and Pharmacological Activity
Reviews

Antiviral Medicinal Plants of Veterinary Importance: A Literature Review[#]

Karin Zitterl-Eglseer 
1   Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
,
Tatiana Marschik
2   Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
› Author Affiliations
› Further Information
   Permissions and Reprints

Abstract

Viruses have a high mutation rate, and, thus, there is a continual emergence of new antiviral-resistant strains. Therefore, it becomes imperative to explore and develop new antiviral compounds continually. The search for pharmacological substances of plant origin that are effective against animal viruses, which have a high mortality rate or cause large economic losses, has garnered interest in the last few decades. This systematic review compiles 130 plant species that exhibit antiviral activity on 37 different virus species causing serious diseases in animals. The kind of extract, fraction, or compound exhibiting the antiviral activity and the design of the trial were particularly considered for review. The literature revealed details regarding plant species exhibiting antiviral activities against pathogenic animal virus species of the following families–Herpesviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Poxviridae, Nimaviridae, Coronaviridae, Reoviridae, and Rhabdoviridae–that cause infections, among others, in poultry, cattle, pigs, horses, shrimps, and fish. Overall, 30 plant species exhibited activity against various influenza viruses, most of them causing avian influenza. Furthermore, 30 plant species were noted to be active against Newcastle disease virus. In addition, regarding the pathogens most frequently investigated, this review provides a compilation of 20 plant species active against bovine herpesvirus, 16 against fowlpox virus, 12 against white spot syndrome virus in marine shrimps, and 10 against suide herpesvirus. Nevertheless, some plant extracts, particularly their compounds, are promising candidates for the development of new antiviral remedies, which are urgently required.

Key words

antiviral - plant - animal - herb - Herpesviridae - Orthomyxoviridae

# Dedicated to Prof. Wolfgang Kubelka on the occasion of his 85th birthday.


Supporting Information

    Table 1S is a compilation of plant species exhibiting antiviral activity against animal viruses causing notifiable diseases (virus marked in bold) or diseases with high infection rate leading to high mortality or large economic losses; plant family; virus species; reference; kind of extracts, fractions or compound(s) investigated; plant part investigated, and design of trial.

  • Supporting Information


Publication History

Received: 31 January 2020

Accepted after revision: 21 July 2020

Article published online:
10 August 2020

© 2020. Thieme. All rights reserved.

Georg Thieme Verlag KG
Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany

 

  • References

  • 1 Villa TG, Feijoo-Siota L, Rama JLR, Ageitos JM. Antivirals against animal viruses. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 133: 97-116
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Strasfeld L, Chou S. Antiviral drug resistance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Infect Dis North Am 2010; 24: 413-437
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Wanzala W, Zessin KH, Kyule NM, Baumann MPO, Mathias E, Hassanali A. Ethnoveterinary medicine: a critical review of its evolution, perception, understanding and the way forward. Livest Res Rural Dev 2005; 17: #119
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Edwards J. Global perspectives of veterinary education: reflections from the 27th World Veterinary Congress. J Vet Med Educ 2004; 31: 9-12
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Borkenhagen LK, Salman MD, Ma MJ, Gray GC. Animal influenza virus infections in humans: a commentary. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 88: 113-119
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 6 Cutting WC, Dreisbach RH, Neff BJ. Antiviral chemotherapy; flavones and related compounds. Stanford Med Bull 1949; 7: 137
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Fischer G, Gardell S, Jorpes E. On the chemical nature of acerin and the virucidal and antiviral effects of some vegetable tannins. Experientia 1954; 10: 329-330
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Kucera LS, Herrmann EC. Antiviral substances in plants of the Mint family (Labiatae). I. Tannin of Melissa officinalis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967; 124: 865-869
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 9 Poehland BL, Carté BK, Francis TA, Hyland LJ, Allaudeen HS, Troupe N. In vitro antiviral activity of dammar resin triterpenoids. J Nat Prod 1987; 50: 706-713
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Formica JV, Regelson W. Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol 1995; 33: 1061-1080
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Chiang LC, Chiang W, Liu MC, Lin CC. In vitro antiviral activities of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its related flavonoids. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52: 194-198
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Wei F, Ma SC, Ma LY, But PPH, Lin RC, Khan IA. Antiviral flavonoids from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. J Nat Prod 2004; 67: 650-653
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Colpitts CC, Schang LM. A small molecule inhibits virion attachment to heparan sulphate- or sialic acid-containing glycans. J Virol 2014; 88: 7806-7817
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Dai J, Wang G, Li W, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhao X, Chen X, Xu Y, Li K. High-throughput screening for anti-influenza A virus drugs and study of the mechanism of procyanidin on influenza A virus-induced autophagy. J Biomol Screen 2012; 17: 605-617
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Manach C, Williamson G, Morand C, Scalbert A, Rémésy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81 (suppl) 230S-242S
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Jassim SAA, Naji MA. Novel antiviral agents: a medicinal plant perspective. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95: 412-427
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Mukhtar M, Arshad M, Ahmad M, Pomerantz RJ, Wigdahl B, Parveen Z. Antiviral potentials of medicinal plants. Virus Res 2008; 131: 111-120
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Akram M, Tahir IM, Shah SMA, Mahmood Z, Altaf A, Ahmad K, Munir N, Daniyal M, Nasir S, Mehboob H. Antiviral potential of medicinal plants against HIV, HSV, influenza, hepatitis, and coxsackievirus: a systematic review. Phytother Res 2018; 32: 811-822
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 19 Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JP, Clarke M, Devereaux PJ, Kleijnen J, Moher D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. J Clin Epidemiol 2009; 62: e1-e34
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009; 6: e1000097
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 21 Shea BJ, Grimshaw JM, Wells GA, Boers M, Andersson N, Hamel C, Porter AC, Tugwell P, Moher D, Bouter LM. Development of AMSTAR: a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol 2007; 7: 10
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 22 Wynn SG, Fougére BJ. eds. Veterinary herbal Medicine. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 23 Watson RR, Preedy VR. eds. Botanical Medicine in clinical Practice. Wallingford: CABI; 2008
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Mathias E, McCorkle M. Ethnoveterinary Research and Development. London: Intermediate Technology Publications; 1996
    Google Scholar
  • 25 Katerere DR, Luseba D. Ethnoveterinary botanical medicine, herbal medicines for animal health. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010
    CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Marschik T. Literaturstudie über die antivirale Wirkung von Heilpflanzen und ihrer Anwendung in der Veterinärmedizin [Diploma thesis]. Vienna: University of Veterinary Medicine; 2014
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 27 World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Aquatic and terrestrial animal health codes. Paris: 2020. Available at (Accessed April 1, 2020): https://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/oie-listed-diseases-2020
    Google Scholar
  • 28 Tierseuchengesetz (TSG), Gesetz betreffend die Abwehr und Tilgung von Tierseuchen konsolidierte Fassung vom 2.4.2020, Austria, § 16 anzeigepflichtige Seuchen; 1909. Available at (Accessed April 2, 2020): https://www.jusline.at/gesetz/tsg/paragraf/16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 29 Pu X, Liang J, Shang R, Wang X, Wang Z, Hua L, Liu Y. Influence of Hypericum perforatum extract on piglet infected with porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. Agric Sci China 2009; 8: 730-739
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 30 Venkateswaran PS, Millman I, Blumberg BS. Effects of an extract from Phyllanthus niruri on hepatitis B and Woodchuck hepatitis viruses: in vitro and in vivo studies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84: 274-278
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Simoni IC, Manha APS, Sciessere L, Hoe VMH, Takinami VH, Fernandes MJB. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of Brazilian Cerrado plants against animal viruses. Virus Rev Res 2007; 12: 110
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Rezatofighi SE, Seydabadi A, Seyyed Nejad SMS. Evaluating the efficacy of achillea millefolium and thymus vulgaris extracts against Newcastle disease virus in ovo . Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7: e9016
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Bakari GG, Max RA, Mdegela RH, Phiri EC, Mtambo MM. Antiviral activity of crude extracts from Commiphora swynnertonii against Newcastle disease virus in ovo . Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 44: 1389-1393
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Dziewulska D, Stenzel T, Smialek M, Tykalowski B, Koncicki A. An evaluation of the impact of aloe vera and licorice extracts on the course of experimental pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 infection in pigeons. Poult Sci 2018; 97: 470-476
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 35 Mettenleiter TC, Sobrino F. Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Poole, UK: Caister Academic Press; 2008
    Google Scholar
  • 36 Brown JC, Newcomb WW. Herpesvirus capsid assembly: insights from structural analysis. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1: 142-149
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Carter J, Saunders V. Virology, Principles and Application. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2007
    Google Scholar
  • 38 Fernandes MJB, Barros AV, Melo MS, Simoni I. Screening of Brazilian plants for antiviral activity against animal herpesviruses. J Med Plants Res 2012; 12: 2261-2265
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Saha S, Gahardi LCF, Yamamoto AK, Linhares REC. Water-extracted polysaccharides from Azadirachta indica: structural features, chemical modification and anti-bovine herpes type 1 (BoHV-1) activity. Int J Biol Macromolec 2010; 47: 640-645
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Gupta D, Goel A, Bhatia AT. Studies on antiviral property of Acacia nilotica . J Environ Res Develop 2010; 5: 141-152
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 41 Pinto AMV, Leite JPG, Ramos CJB, da Fonseca RR, Teixeira VL, Paixão ICNP. Anti-herpesvirus bovine type 5 activities of extracts obtained from Plocamium brasiliense . J Appl Phycol 2014; 26: 2021-2027
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Pilau MR, Alves SH, Weiblen R, Arenhart S, Cueto AP, Lovato LT. Antiviral activity of the Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses. Braz J Microbiol 2011; 42: 1616-1624
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Harazem R, Rahman S, Kenawy A. Evaluation of antiviral activity of Allium cepa and Allium sativum extracts against Newcastle disease virus. Alex J Vet Sci 2019; 61: 108-118
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Omer MO, Almalki WH, Shahid I, Khuram S, Altaf I, Imran S. Comparative study to evaluate the anti-viral efficacy of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract and ribavirin against the Newcastle disease virus. Pharmacogn Res 2014; 6: 6-11
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Diel DG, Da Silva LH, Liu H, Wang Z, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Genetic diversity of avian paramyxovirus type 1: proposal for a unified nomenclature and classification system of Newcastle disease virus genotypes. Infect Genet Evol 2012; 12: 1770-1779
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Elizondo-Gonzalez R, Cruz-Suarez LE, Ricque-Marie D, Mendoza-Gamboa E, Rodriguez-Padilla C, Trejo-Avila LM. In vitro characterization of the antiviral activity of fucoidan from Cladosiphon okamuranus against Newcastle disease virus. Virol J 2012; 9: 307
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Pleschka S, Stein M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV). Virol J 2009; 6: 197-205
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Arora R, Chawla R, Marwah R, Arora P, Sharma RK, Kaushik V, Goel R, Kaur A, Silambarasan M, Tripathi RP, Bhardwaj JR. Potential of complementary and alternative medicine in preventive management of novel H1N1 flu (swine flu) pandemic: thwarting potential disasters in the bud. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011; 2011: 586506
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Fiore C, Eisenhut M, Krausse R, Ragazzi E, Pellati D, Armanini D, Bielenberg J. Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytother Res 2008; 22: 141-148
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Michaelis M, Geiler J, Naczk P, Sithisarn P, Leutz A, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Glycyrrhizin exerts antioxidative effects in H5N1 influenza A virus-infected cells and inhibits virus replication and pro-inflammatory gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6: e19705
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Cinatl Jr J, Michaelis M, Doerr HW. The threat of avian influenza A (H5N1). Part III: Antiviral therapy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007; 196: 203-212
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 52 Michaelis M, Doerr HW, Cinatl J. Of chickens and men: avian influenza in humans. Curr Mol Med 2009; 9: 131-151
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Ryu YB, Curtis-Long MJ, Kim JH, Jeong SH, Yang MS, Lee KW, Lee WS, Park KH. Pterocarpans and flavanones from Sophora flavescens displaying potent neuraminidase inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18: 6046-6049
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 54 Zhong H, Zhao BY, Fan GY, Liu JW, Chen JJ. Study on inhibitive effect of Radix Astragali and Radix Isatidis in vitro on porcine parvovirus. J Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition) 2008; 36: 48-52
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Han WL, Cui BA, Zhang HY, Wang XB, Xu DH, Chen RL. Antiviral activity of Mentha spicata Linn. Extracts against porcine parvovirus in vitro . Jiangsu J Agric Sci 2011; 27: 556-560
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 56 Xu XQ, Li Q, Gao PG, Fan YY, Wang ZG. Antivirus effects of IRPS against goose parvovirus in goose embryo. Chin J Vet Sci 2008; 28: 1340-1343
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Ietidal ETM, El Bushra ESEN, Mahasin ENA. The antibacterial, antiviral activities and phytochemical screening of some Sudanese medical plants. Eurasian J Biosci 2010; 4: 8-16
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 58 Lamien CE, Meda A, Couacy-Hymann E, Ouedraogo AG, Nacoulma OG. The phytochemical composition and in vitro antiviral activity of decoctions from galls of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (Combretaceae) and their relative non-toxicity for chickens. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2005; 72: 111-118
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 59 Lamien CE, Meda A, Mans J, Romito M, Nacoulma OG, Viljoen GJ. Inhibition of fowlpox virus by an aqueous acetone extract from galls of Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel (Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96: 249-253
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 60 Lamien CE, Mans J, Meda A, Couacy-Hymann E, Romito M, Ouedraogo AG, Nacoulma OG, Viljoen GJ. In ovo inhibition of fowlpoxvirus replication by a gall extract from Guiera senegalensis . Avian Pathol 2005; 34: 127-132
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 61 Mabiki FP, Mdegela RH, Mosha RD, Magadula JJ. Antiviral activity of crude extracts of Synadenium glaucescens (pax) against infectious bursal disease and fowlpox virus. J Med Plants Res 2013; 7: 871-876
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 62 Wang HC, Hirono I, Maningas MBB, Somboonwiwat K, Stentiford G. Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Nimaviridae. J Gen Virol 2019; 100: 1053-1054
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 63 Balasubramanian G, Sarathi M, Kumar SR, Hameed ASS. Screening the antiviral activity of Indian medicinal plants against white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. Aquaculture 2007; 263: 15-19
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 64 Maikaeo L, Chotigeat W, Mahabusarakam W. Emilia sonchifolia extract activity against white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus in shrimp cell cultures. Dis Aquat Organ 2015; 115: 157-164
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 65 Sundaram D, Kesavan K, Kumaravel H, Mohammed RF, Tohru M, Toshiaki I, Raja S. Protective efficacy of active compounds from Phyllanthus amarus against white spot syndrome virus in freshwater crab (Paratelphusa hydrodomous). Aquac Res 2016; 47: 2061-2067
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 66 Dinesh S, Sudharsana S, Mohanapriya A, Itami T, Sudhakaran R. Molecular docking and simulation studies of Phyllanthus amarus phytocompounds against structural and nucleocapsid proteins of white spot syndrome virus. 3 Biotech 2017; 7: 353
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 67 Bindhu F, Velmurugan S, Donio MBS, Michaelbabu MV, Citarasu T. Influence of Agathi grandiflora active principles inhibit viral multiplication and stimulate immune system in Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus against white spot syndrome virus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 41: 482-492
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 68 Palanikumar P, Daffni Benitta DJ, Lelin C, Thirumalaikumar E, Michaelbabu M, Citarasu T. Effect of Argemone mexicana active principles on inhibiting viral multiplication and stimulating immune system in Pacific white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against white spot syndrome virus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 75: 243-252
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 69 Muliani M, Susianingsih E. The effectiveness of methanol extract and fractionations from mangrove leaves Sonneratia alba and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza to prevent white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. J Akuakultur Indones 2018; 17: 43-52
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 70 Velmurugan S, Jerin N, Michael Babu M, Bindhu F, Albin Dhas S, Citarasu T. Screening and characterization of antiviral compounds from Enteromorpha flexuosa against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and its in vivo influence on Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquacult Int 2015; 23: 65-80
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 71 Huang AG, Tu X, Qi XZ, Ling F, Zhu B, Wang GX. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis inhibit white spot syndrome virus replication in red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Aquaculture 2019; 504: 239-247
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 72 Huang AG, Tan XP, Qu SY, Wang GX, Zhu B. Evaluation on the antiviral activity of genipin against white spot syndrome virus in crayfish. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93: 380-386
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 73 Lupini C, Cecchinato M, Scagliarini A, Graziani R, Catelli E. In vitro antiviral activity of chestnut and quebracho woods extracts against avian reovirus and metapneumovirus. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87: 482-487
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 74 Barros AV, da Conceicao AO, Simoni IC, Padilla MA, Fernandes MJB, Arns CW. In vitro antiviral activity of seeds from Guettarda angelica against avian viruses. J Appl Pharm Sci 2013; 3: 31-33
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 75 Clark KJ, Grant PG, Sarr AB, Belakere JR, Swaggerty CL, Phillips TD, Woode GN. An in vitro study of theaflavins extracted from black tea to neutralize bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus infections. Vet Microbiol 1998; 63: 147-157
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 76 Mohajer Shojai T, Ghalyanchi Langeroudi A, Karimi V, Barin A, Sadri N. The effect of Allium sativum (garlic) extract on infectious bronchitis virus in specific pathogen free embryonic egg. Avicenna J Phytomed 2016; 6: 458-267
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 77 Chen CH, Zuckerman DM, Brantley S, Sharpe M, Childress K, Hoiczyk E, Pendleton AR. Sambucus nigra extracts inhibit infectious bronchitis virus at an early point during replication. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10: 24
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 78 Zhang P, Liu XF, Liu HY, Wang WX, Liu XH, Li XT, Wu XH. Astragalus polysaccharides inhibit avian infectious bronchitis virus infection by regulating viral replication. Microb Pathog 2018; 114: 124-128
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 79 Aricapa Giraldo HJ, Salazar Salazar DF, Uribe S, Angel Isaza I. Inhibition of bird infectious bronchitis virus through the use of essential oils. REDVET 2017; 18: 101017
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 80 Ertürk Ö, Demirbag Z, Beldüz AO. Antiviral activity of some plant extracts on the replication of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Turk J Biol 2000; 24: 833-844
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 81 Aurori AC, Bobiş O, Dezmirean DS, Mărghitaş LA, Erler SA. Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) as potential antiviral treatment in naturally BQCV infected honeybees. Virus Res 2016; 222: 29-33
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 82 Schwerdtfeger SM, Melzig MF. Effects of plant extracts on neuraminidase activity. Zeitschr Phytother 2008; 29: 65-70
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 83 Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Balamurugan V, Gandhale P, Naresh R, Swarup D, Singh RK. In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts on goatpox Virus replication. Indian J Exp Biol 2008; 46: 120-127
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 84 Rasool A, Khan MU, Ali MA, Anjum AA, Ahmed I, Aslam A, Mustafa G, Masood S, Ali MA, Nawaz M. Anti-avian influenza virus H9N2 activity of aqueous extracts of Zingiber officinalis (ginger) and Allium sativum (garlic) in chick embryos. Pak J Pharm Sci 2017; 30: 1341-1344
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 85 Abd-Alla HI, Abu-Gabal NS, Hassan AZ, El-Safty MM, Shalaby NMM. Antiviral activity of Aloe hijazensis against some haemagglutinating viruses infection and its phytoconstituents. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35: 1347-1354
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 86 Arora R, Singh S, Sharma RK. Neem Leaves. Indian herbal Medicine. In: Watson RR, Preedy VR. eds. Botanical Medicine in clinical Practice. Oxon: CABI; 2008: 94
    Google Scholar
  • 87 Wafaa AH, Howaida IAA, Hassan A, El-Safty MM. Chemical composition and in vitro antiviral activity of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) leaves and fruits against Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease virus. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2007; 1: 801-812
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 88 Shaukat TM, Ashraf M, Omer MO, Rasheed MA, Muhammad K, Shaukat TM, Younus M, Shahzad MK. Comparative efficacy of various antiviral agents against avian influenza virus (type H7N3/Pakistan/2003). Pak J Zool 2011; 43: 849-854
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 89 Baatartsogt T, Bui VN, Trinh DQ, Yamaguchi E, Gronsang D, Thampaisarn R, Ogawa H, Imai K. High antiviral effects of hibiscus tea extract on the H5 subtypes of low and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78: 1405-1411
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 90 Zaher SK, Ahmed WM, Sakina NZ. Observations on the biological effects of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa) and green tea (Camellia sinensis). Glob Vet 2008; 2: 198-204
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 91 Bhanuprakash V, Hosamani M, Balamurugan V, Singh RK, Swarup D. In-vitro antiviral activity of Eugenia jambolana plant extract on buffalopox virus: conventional and qPCR methods. Int J Trop Med 2007; 2: 3-9
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 92 Shome BR, Rajeswari Shome SN. Antiviral activity of latex from Excoecaria agallocha: a mangrove species from Andaman. Indian J Anim Health 1998; 37: 65-66
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 93 Kudi AC, Myint SH. Antiviral activity of some Nigerian medicinal plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 68: 289-294
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 94 Bombardelli E, Morazzoni P. Hypericum perforatum . In: Wynn SG, Fougére BJ. eds. Veterinary herbal Medicine. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2007: 643
    Google Scholar
  • 95 Lavie G, Valentine F, Levin B, Mazur Y, Gallo G, Lavie D, Weiner D, Meruelo D. Studies of the mechanisms of action of the antiretroviral agents hypericin and pseudohypericin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86: 5963-5967
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 96 Huang YD, Li YM, Xiang Q, Su Z, Wang LC, Li XK, Huang ZF. Antiviral effect on H5N1 avian influenza virus of compound of Curcuma zedoaria volatile oil and Hypericum perforatum extract liquid. J China Pharm Univ 2009; 40: 166-172
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 97 Pu XY, Liang JP, Wang XH, Hua LY, Liu Y. Inhibition of Hypericum perforatum extract on influenza A virus. Chin Trad Herb Drugs 2010; 41: 259-264
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 98 Yang Z, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Zhao S, Zhao J, Lin Q, Li C, Zhu Q, Zhong N. Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro . Int J Mol Med 2013; 31: 867-873
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 99 Pourghanbari G, Nili H, Moattari A, Mohammadi A, Iraji A. Antiviral activity of the oseltamivir and Melissa officinalis L. essential oil against avian influenza A virus (H9N2). Virusdisease 2016; 27: 170-178
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 100 Haselmeyer A, Nowotny N, Heistinger H, Kolodziejek J, Homola J, Nöbauer K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M, Zitterl-Eglseer K. Melissa officinalis L. extract and its main phenolic compound rosmarinic acid as phytoprophylactic feed additives against koi herpesvirus infection in a pilot study. Wien Tierärztl Mschr 2018; 105: 175-183
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 101 Direkbusarakom S. Application of medicinal herbs to aquaculture in Asia. Walailak J Sci Technol 2004; 1: 7-14
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 102 Micol V, Caturla N, Pérez-Fons L, Más V, Pérez L, Estepa A. The olive leaf extract exhibits antiviral activity against viral haemorrhagic septicaemia rhabdovirus (VHSV). Antiviral Res 2005; 66: 129-136
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 103 Zaher SK. In vitro studies on the antiviral effect of olive leaf against Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. Glob Vet 2007; 1: 24-30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 104 Blank DE, Correa RA, Freitag RA, Cleff MB, Oliveira Hübner S. Anti-equine arteritis virus activity of ethanolic extract and compounds from Origanum vulgare . Cienc Agr Londrina 2017; 38: 759-764
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 105 Blank DE, Oliveira Hübner S, Alves GH, Cardoso CAL, Freitag RA, Cleff MB. Chemical composition and antiviral effect of extracts of Origanum vulgare . Advan Biosci Biotechnol 2019; 10: 188-196
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 106 Sulaiman LK, Oladele OA, Shittu IA, Emikpe BO, Oladokun AT, Meseko CA. In-ovo evaluation of the antiviral activity of methanolic root-bark extract of the African Baobab (Adansonia digitata Lin.). Afr J Biotechnol 2011; 10: 4256-4258
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 107 Müller V, Chávez JH, Reginatto FH, Zucolotto SM, Niero R, Navarro D, Yunes RA, Schenkel EP, Barardi CR, Zanetti CR, Simões CM. Evaluation of antiviral activity of South American plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 and rabies Virus. Phytother Res 2007; 21: 970-974
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 108 Waihenya RK, Mtambo MMA, Nkwengulila G. Evaluation of the efficacy of the crude extract of Aloe secundiflora in chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79: 299-304
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 109 Waihenya RK, Keriko JM, Mtambo MMA, Nkwengulila G, Kayser O, Hafez HM. Antiviral activity of the crude extracts and phytochemical fractions of Aloe secundiflora against Newcastle disease virus. J Trop Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 1: 10-13
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 110 Kohn LK, Queiroga CL, Martini MC, Barata LE, Porto PSS, Souza L, Arns CW. In vitro antiviral activity of Brazilian plants (Maytenus ilicifolia and Aniba rosaeodora) against bovine herpesvirus type 5 and avian Metapneumovirus. Pharm Biol 2012; 50: 1269-1275
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 111 Ayodele PO, Okonko IO, Odu NN, Banso A. Antiviral effect of Anthocleista nobilis root extract on the biochemical indices of poultry fowls infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Annals Biol Res 2012; 3: 20-30
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 112 Liu Y, Yan GQ, Chen GH, Zhang J. Efficacy trials of crude extraction from Artemisia annua L. against Newcastle disease virus in vivo in Xinjiang. Mod Appl Sci 2009; 3: 176-178
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 113 Ruffa MJ, Wagner ML, Suriano M, Vicente C, Nadinic J, Pampuro S, Salomón H, Campos RH, Cavallaro L. Inhibitory effect of medicinal herbs against RNA and DNA viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2004; 15: 153-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 114 Fatima M, Zaidi NU, Amraiz D, Afzal F. In vitro antiviral activity of Cinnamomum cassia and its nanoparticles against H7N3 influenza A virus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 26: 151-159
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 115 Klaywong K, Khutrakul G, Choowongkomon K, Lekcharoensuk C, Petcharat N, Leckcharoensuk P, Ramasoota P. Screening for lead compounds and herbal extracts with potential anti-influenza viral activity. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2014; 45: 62-74
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 116 Umar S, Shah MAA, Munir MT, Yaqoob M, Fiaz M, Anjum S, Kaboudi K, Bouzouaia M, Younus M, Nisa Q, Iqbal M, Umar W. Synergistic effects of thymoquinone and curcumin on immune response and anti-viral activity against avian influenza virus (H9N2) in turkeys. Poult Sci 2016; 95: 1513-1520
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 117 Felipe AMM, Rincão VP, Benati FJ, Linhares REC, Galina KJ, De Toledo CEM, Lopes GC, De Mello JCP, Nozawa C. Antiviral effect of Guazuma ulmifolia and Stryphnodendron adstringens on poliovirus and Bovine herpesvirus. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 1092-1095
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 118 Buckwold VE, Wilson RJH, Nalca A, Beer BB, Voss TG, Turpin JA, Buckheit RW, Wei JY, Wenzel-Mathers M, Walton EM, Smith RJ, Pallansch M, Ward P, Wells J, Chuvala L, Sloane S, Paulman R, Russell J, Hartman T, Ptak R. Antiviral activity of hop constituents against a series of DNA and RNA viruses. Antiviral Res 2004; 61: 57-62
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 119 Pliego Zamora A, Edmonds JH, Reynolds MJ, Khromykh AA, Ralph SJ. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral properties of combined monoterpene alcohols against West Nile virus infection. Virology 2016; 495: 18-32
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 120 Herrmann EC, Kucera LS. Antiviral substances in plants of the Mint family (Labiatae). III. Peppermint (Mentha piperita) and other mint plants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1967; 124: 874-878
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 121 Chollom SC, Olawuyi AK, Danjuma LD, Nanbol LD, Makinde IO, Hashimu GA, Alesa MU, Esilonu JT, Ogundeji EB, Kwatjel JS. Antiviral potential of aqueous extracts of some parts of Momordica balsamina plant against Newcastle disease virus. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2012; 2: 82-92
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 122 Chollom SC, Agada GOA, Gotep IG, Mwankon SE, Dus PC, Bot YS, Nyango DY, Singnap CL, Fyaktu EJ, Okwori AEJ. Investigation of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Iam seed for antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus in ovo . J Med Plants Res 2012; 6: 3870-3875
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 123 Eze DC, Okwor EC, Osita AOJ, Nnabuike OD, Olu SSV. Effects of Moringa oleifera methanolic leaf extract on the morbidity and mortality of chickens experimentally infected with Newcastle disease virus (Kudu 113) strain. J Med Plants Res 2012; 6: 4443-4449
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 124 Mochida K. Anti-influenza virus activity of Myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract evaluated using Madino-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72: 3018-3020
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 125 Ooi LSM, Tian L, Su M, Ho WS, Sun SS, Chung HY, Wong HN, Ooi VE. Isolation, characterization, molecular cloning and modeling of a new lipid transfer protein with antiviral and antiproliferative activities from Narcissus tazetta . Peptides 2008; 29: 2101-2109
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 126 Jayati AK, Bhatia A, Kumar A, Goel A, Gupta S, Rahal A. In vitro antiviral potential of Ocimum sanctum leaves extract against Newcastle disease virus of poultry. Int J Microbiol Immunol Res 2013; 2: 51-55
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 127 Ahmad A, Davies J, Randall S, Skinner GRB. Antiviral properties of extract of Opuntia streptacantha . Antiviral Res 1996; 30: 75-85
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 128 Ooi LSM, Sun SSM, Ooi VEC. Purification and characterization of a new antiviral protein from the leaves of Pandanus amaryllifolius (Pandanaceae). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004; 36: 1440-1446
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 129 Yang CH, Tan DH, Hsu WL, Jong TT, Wen CL, Hsu SL, Chang PC. Anti-influenza virus activity of the ethanolic extract from Peperomia sui . J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 155: 320-325
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 130 Chollom SC, Agada GOA, Bot DY, Okolo MO, Dantong DD, Choji TP, Echeonwu BC, Bigwan EI, Lokason S, Banwat E. Phytochemical analysis and antiviral potential of aqueous leaf extract of Psidium guajava against Newcastle disease virus in ovo . J App Pharm Sci 2012; 2: 45-49
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 131 Kim JH, Ryu YB, Kang NS, Lee BW, Heo JS, Jeong IY, Park KH. Glycosidase inhibitory flavonoids from Sophora flavescens . Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29: 302-305
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 132 Ibrahim AK, Youssef AI, Arafa AS, Foad R, Radwan MM, Ross S, Hassanean HA, Ahmed SA. Anti-H5N1 virus new diglyceride ester from the Red Sea grass Thallasodendron ciliatum . Nat Prod Res 2013; 27: 1625-1632
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 133 Kamei M, Nishimura H, Takahashi T, Takahashi N, Inokuchi K, Mato T, Takahashi K. Anti-influenza virus effects of cocoa. J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96: 1150-1158
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 134 Haetrakul T, Sritularak B, Chansue N. Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau extract against Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in koi fin cell line. J Mahanakorn Vet Med 2016; 11: 115-124
    PubMedGoogle Scholar
  • 135 Haetrakul T, Dunbar SG, Chansue N. Antiviral activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau extract against Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in koi (Cyprinus carpio koi). J Fish Dis 2018; 41: 581-587
    CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar